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陈珮吉走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
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陈彦正〖序〗去年元旦，我在零下45度的坝上草原，极度寒冷干燥的天气，还没回上海，我的手上就开始发湿疹。最初并不在意，却没想到，湿疹越发越多，最后竟伴随了我一年，并发展到全身性皮肤过敏。每次似乎过敏稍好一点，一旦出去旅行或出差，便又再次复发。而去年是我特别忙碌的一年，出差频繁，旅行也很频繁。湿疹却因反复发作，久治不愈，已成顽疾，让我去年整整一年，痒并快乐着。今年元旦，从柬埔寨回来后，十个手指头再次长满密密麻麻的湿疹，让我痛下决心，暂时不出去玩了，哪儿也不去了，就在上海呆着，修身养性。 修身养性，说起来容易做起来难。尤其是身处户外圈，身边的朋友都是不安分的旅行狂热者，春节开始，朋友圈里便陆续晒各类旅行照，接着是各类旅行计划。我又心痒了。 “当【旅行】被按下暂停键，还好有照片可以感怀与想念。只是为何，两个月前的柬埔寨之行，已如两年般久远？”当我在微信上敲出这段文字时，只觉内心悲凉。 人生有当下，还有远方。旅行，早已成为我的信念，是照进琐碎生活的一丝光亮。每隔一段时间，放下工作，放下压力，放下朝九晚五，去遥远的地方放逐一下，再回来时，便已是神清气爽，连平凡生活也换成了美好模样，不觉房价很高，客户很烦，压力很大。 但现在，我必须得做出妥协，与我的身体。 “你一定是以前户外水线走得太多，湿气过重”，“户外睡帐篷时，即使有防潮垫，湿气依然很重”。。。身边朋友帮我找着各种看似合理的解释。但不管原因为何，现在我要做的是暂停旅行，暂停行走。 人生都有阶段性的，不是吗？也许这是我的身体在向我发出的警告。我只是暂时停下来，休息一下而已。远方，永远在前方。我如此安慰自己。 当旅行暂停时，还好我有照片可以怀念，还有文字可以书写。 所以，现在，让我用文字来开始一段旅行吧。。。 D1（12-29） 上海浦东——柬埔寨暹粒暹粒，第一次看见“暹”这个字，我甚至不知该如何发音。问十个人，也许九个人不知“暹”字该如何读，而八个人不知“暹粒”又是何地？你不知暹粒，但你一定知道吴哥。如果你要去吴哥，那你一定得先飞暹粒，吴哥的门户。2012年元旦前夕，小美丽说，";我们去吴哥吧，元旦去吴哥，天气最凉爽。"; 每年的11月至次年2月，是吴哥的旱季，也是最凉爽的季节，自然也是旅游旺季。3月开始气温上升，而5月-10月，便进入闷热潮湿的雨季，最高温度可达40多度。无奈时间太仓促，即使计划买大韩航空的机票从韩国绕过去，机票也很贵。那一年元旦，我们放弃了吴哥，我却开始对吴哥心心念念。2013年春秋开通了上海直飞暹粒的航线，我就盘算着，一定要去吴哥。待过了吴哥漫长的雨季，我依旧把去吴哥的时间定在了元旦。还在浦东机场候机，心里已是春暖花开。和蟋蟀头自拍一张，分享到微信朋友圈：“又一次出发，到温暖的地方过新年去！”Tips：办理去柬埔寨的证非常方便，在网上申请电子证，25美元／人，3个工作日即可收到证的PDF电子版本，打印出来，贴在护照上即可。申请电子证网址：https//evisa.mfaic.gov.kh/Default.aspx 直飞的好处便是，4个多小时后，我们已抵达柬埔寨国际机场。柬埔寨的海关人员会索要小费，已是公开秘密。”把1美元准备好，夹在护照里“，很多人的攻略会如是告诉你。但我不准备给他们小费。我们都有合法的入境证，凭什么还要给海关人员小费？排队等候入关。我前面一正在办理入关手续的中国男人，忽然转过身对他的同伴喊道：“他们要我交10元钱，你们有吗？””你就和他说no money！“未等他的同伴给他钱，我的话已喊出了口。那海关人员向我看了看，又低下了头。我想了想，为避免他可能的刁难，我干脆换了个通道排队。轮到我时，我递上护照。海关员接过护照，眼睛也没抬，只喃喃地用中文说了句："10元人民币。”“NO，” 这次，我的回答更简单。他啥也没说，只低着头把我的护照翻来覆去看。你就慢慢看吧，反正我不会给你钱的。我心里暗暗想着。磨蹭许久后，他叫我把右手放到一个指纹记录仪上，停留许久，再换左手，又停留许久。“NO～～NO” 他嘴里一边咕哝着，一边继续磨蹭着。我安静地等在柜台前，我就不信，不给他小费，他就不让我通行？最后，他终于在我护照上盖好章，把护照递还给我。我心里偷笑，接过护照，赶紧离开。下一个是蟋蟀头了，海关人员也对他说了同样的话，“10元人民币，” 他也用“NO”直接回绝了海关人员。我估计这位海关人员心里已是极度不爽，失去耐心，只让蟋蟀头放了一只手记录指纹，就让他通过了。据说，柬埔寨海关人员的索贿都是中国人培养出来的。如果真是如此，那就让我们每个中国人从NO开始，断绝掉他们这种劣根性。 走出机场时，旅馆派来接我们的车夫已拿着写有我名字的纸牌候在外面。住三晚以上，旅馆便提供免费的接机服务。我们将在暹粒住七晚，便理所当然享受了旅馆的这项免费服务。车夫叫Bunny，我们在暹粒相处了整整六天，我却是在最后一天才知他的名字。当时，Bunny对我们来说，只是一个临时来接机的车夫而已，我们并没想到在暹粒的六天，都将与他在一起，甚至还去了他家里。坐上他的TUTU车时，“take photo?” Bunny问我。他这么喜欢拍照吗？我一边觉得奇怪，一边把镜头对准他。“No，我是问是否需要我帮你俩拍张照？” Bunny摇着手，知道我误解了他的意思。真逗，这漆黑的夜里，帮我俩拍照？但我还是把相机递给他，于是，借着路灯的余光，有了我俩这张初来乍到的照片。 预订的旅馆Avie Moriya Villa（阿维莫莉亚别墅），还真是一幢两层楼的别墅，只有几个房间。老板是个意大利人，据说很nice很幽默。房价不贵，住7晚仅226美元，相当于人民币1377元。出发前一个月我才订房，可能正值旅游旺季的缘故，很多酒店房间都早已预订一空，包括朋友推荐的Motherhome Inn。找到Avie Moriya Villa属巧合，位置好，离老市场近，而且它的网上评分还很高。只是，不到200元一晚的房间，多少让我有点担心。这种担心，直到热情的服务生把我们领进房间，才终于解除。房间虽简单，却很干净，而且还有免费的wifi。蟋蟀头说肚子饿了，要外出觅食。于是，行李放下，我们便再次出门，坐上Bunny的tutu车，让他送我们去酒吧街。当然，Bunny并非免费送我们，他要求收费2美元。在柬埔寨，主要使用的货币是美元，从购物到吃饭的所有消费。而当地货币瑞尔Riel，一般只用来找零。美元与瑞尔有个固定汇率0.1USD=400Riel，通常只有用到1美元以下时，瑞尔才派上用场 。既然一切都用美元支付，所以，柬浦寨的消费并不便宜。2美元，差不多13元人民币，上海出租车的起步价，可以坐3公里。而我们坐Bunny的tutu车，仅几分钟而已，便已到了酒吧街。如此一来，是不是比上海都贵？但当时我没有2美元的零钱，掏出一张100美元，Bunny说，明天付吧。明天，已和他约好，下午送我们去买吴哥的门票。他就不怕我们明天爽约，不坐他的tutu车？我心里暗想。但可能正因为他这种相信，我们也都很诚信。信任与否，从来都是相互的。 酒吧街并非如想像中那般人头攒动、人声鼎沸，毕竟已是午夜时分，喝了酒的人，也大多回房休息了。但五彩的霓虹，震耳的音乐，还是和之前寂静的夜色形成鲜明的反差。“要不要去喝一杯？” 蟋蟀头问我。“不要。”我知道他故意这样问，他其实从来不爱喝酒。我们是来找吃的。但这些光鲜亮丽的酒吧，提供的除了酒水还是酒水。 酒吧街并不长，50米左右，穿行而过后，灯光便黯淡下来，稀稀拉拉摆着一些路边摊。从旅馆出来时，已向服务生打听过，夜里是否安全？即使得到服务生肯定的答复，蟋蟀头仍然一百个不放心，即使要吃路边摊，也一定要找个灯光明亮点的地方。我们还真找到一处明亮的角落。小食摊的玻璃橱窗上竟写着四个斗大的中文：牛肉河粉。“finish，finish！”橱窗后的一个男人对我说道。我站在小食摊前，探头往里张望着，可能看得太过专心，竟对他说的“finish” 充耳不闻。和蟋蟀头商量下，我便对老板说道，“要两份牛肉河粉。”“finish !” 老板大声地再次重申。哦，原来已经卖完，结束营业了。但之前我居然把“finish”听成“fish”，以为他在向我推销鱼了！真是三滴汗啊。 他家已结束营业，但紧挨着他家的另一个食摊，小妹仍在忙碌中。依然点了两份炒河粉，蟋蟀头的牛肉河粉和我的蔬菜河粉。每份2美元。在东南亚旅行的好处便是，与国内的食物差异不大，不会让人在饮食上感觉难以适应。用筷子吃河粉的时候，有点时光错乱的感觉。我们真的已经在柬埔寨呢？ 见我在拍照，一老外突然跳过来，张大手臂，做个怪脸，挡在我镜头前面。然后，我俩都哈哈大笑。嗯，我想，我们的确已在柬埔寨了。饭后去逛了小食摊旁边的超市，这里日用品一应俱全，成了我俩后来屡次光顾的地方。除了很多商品是made in China，几个中文字也是赫然醒目。 准备返回旅馆时，近凌晨2点，街头依然许多夜不归宿的游客。他们，是这个城市GDP的来源，也使这个城市无论白天还是黑夜，都充满生机。更漆黑的角落，一排排tutu车沿街摆开。比游客还多的tutu车，生意看来并不好做。如此竞争激烈，所以我们只用了一美元，便坐tutu车返回了旅馆。 D2（12-30）巴肯山日落吴哥窟的门票分为三种：一日票＄20，三日票＄40，七日票＄60。下午17点钟买票后便可马上进去，免费获得一个傍晚，去巴肯山或者吴哥看日落。所以，这一天，我们除了下午430出发去买吴哥门票，然后去巴肯山看日落外，并没有特别安排。于是，便安安心心地睡到自然醒。一觉醒来时，已是中午。从二楼的阳台上往外望去，除了电线太过扎眼外，街上空无一人，安静得有点过分。但这就是暹粒，白天游客们都散落到吴哥的丛林中，只有傍晚以后才陆续归城。所以，白天的暹粒永远都是寂寞的。 昨晚抵达时，夜色漆黑，完全不知我们住的这幢楼啥模样。现在下楼后，才算把这幢Avie Moriya Villa（阿维莫莉亚别墅）看清楚。外墙涂成淡黄色的小楼，看上去倒是分为雅致。二楼阳台上挂着柬埔寨国旗和红白绿的意大利国旗，看来老板的确是个意大利人。只是，旅馆里依然不见他的踪影。我对他有点好奇，为何要到这里来开一家廉价旅馆？这点房费，怎么算起来都不算什么高收入。蟋蟀头说，你以为老外都很有钱吗？说不定他在意大利也就一穷人。 出门时，已是下午两点半，准备走路去老市场吃午饭。看了酒店名片后面的地图，老市场与酒吧街相距很近。蟋蟀头说，你跟我走就行。“你确信你可以找到？”我有点怀疑。虽然昨晚坐tutu车去酒吧街吃过饭，但我依然毫无方向感。“我确信。”蟋蟀头的语气里，倒全是自信。于是，我俩就这样出门溜达了。 “我们现在走的路，比昨晚绕了一下。我只是想看看，这边又是什么样？”蟋蟀头说道，就好像他曾经来过似的。我依旧半信半疑，甚至中途还去问了两个路人，但证明我俩的确一直走在正确的方向。“你知道这是哪吗？”将近20分钟后，蟋蟀头指着一条街的入口。“不知道。”我摇了摇头。“这就是酒吧街啊！”“酒吧街？但为什么和昨晚的酒吧街没有一点相似之处呢？”我不相信。但很快，我发现路牌上写着Pub street。“因为这是酒吧街的另一头。”蟋蟀头非常淡定地说道。现在，我对他的方向感，佩服得五体投地。只是，酒吧街的白天与黑夜，反差实在很大。但为何街头有这么多警察呢？有什么事情发生吗？和警察叔叔确认了下，与酒吧街平行的另一条街道便是老市场。攻略说，老市场集中了很多餐厅。但当我站在这里时，眼前所见与想像中完全不一样。左边一排简陋的小吃摊，散发出来的浓烈腥味，让我只想赶快逃离。后来去这后面逛了一下，原来小吃摊的后面是个菜市场，难怪气味难闻。路右边的餐厅，看上去就精致许多。我很少按别人的推荐去寻找美食，因为在吃这件事上，我从来认为是仁者见仁，智者见智。毕竟每个人的口味不一样，要求也不一样。美食，凭自己的感觉去寻觅就好。就比如这家放满绿植的餐厅，蓝色的桌椅、异域风情的桌布，明亮绮丽的颜色搭配，一入眼，我就挪不动脚了。 餐厅不仅装修考究，连服务员也很漂亮。点餐后，等候上菜时，蟋蟀头让小姑娘坐在桌子一边，给她拍照。我俩是餐厅唯一的客人，所以小姑娘很大方地应允了。她的眼睛大大的，笑的时候特别美。 饭前饮料，一定是每人一个新鲜椰汁。在泰国时，我们是如此习惯；到了柬埔寨，依然如此。同是椰汁，但柬埔寨和泰国的又有所不同。柬埔寨的椰子虽块头大，但椰汁却不如泰国的甘甜，味道偏淡。而且柬埔寨的椰汁比泰国的贵许多，柬埔寨一般＄2（相当于人民币12元），而泰国仅10泰铢（相当于人民币2元）。如此一比较，感觉柬埔寨的消费比泰国贵了许多。 我们这顿饭是传统的柬埔寨美食。我的Amok fish 和蟋蟀头的Beef Lok Lak。Amok是当地的一种植物，用它的叶子裹着鱼肉或鸡肉或牛肉，再加上椰奶、咖喱粉、姜黄粉、柠檬香草等调料，在火上蒸熟。选择不同的主食料，便是不同的Amok，所以有了Amok fish、Amok beef、Amok chicken。也许暹粒边上就是洞里萨湖的缘故，所以鱼肉的Amok最为有名。而Beef Lok Lak则是用炒好的牛肉配上柬埔寨特有的烤肉酱。点餐时，我对蟋蟀头说，“我想吃鱼，可是。。。”我喜欢吃鱼，可是因为湿疹的缘故，已经戒鱼很久了。“那就点吧。吃了再说。”蟋蟀头二话不说，帮我做了决定。他就是这样，永远知道我在想什么，不管我是话只说了一半，还是什么也没说。他只是看情况，帮我把想说的话说出来而已。 我对这家餐厅的桌布和桌巾一见倾心，这就是传说中的纱笼布吗？我立即把它列入我的购物清单，只是，直到离开柬埔寨，也再没看见这么漂亮的桌布。 吃完饭，已近下午4点，得赶紧往回走了，因为和Bunny有约，1630来旅馆接我俩。回去时，蟋蟀头说带我走近路，即昨晚我们坐tutu车的路线，居然只用了十分钟左右，我们便走回了旅馆。一路上，见到许多候客的tutu车停靠在路边，也有许多tutu车司机主动过来招呼我们。尽管是旅游旺季，似乎tutu车的生意也难做啊。所以，当我们回到旅馆，看见Bunny已笑脸盈盈地等候在大门口时，便一点也不奇怪了。后来要离开暹粒时，我问蟋蟀头，为何我们从来没向其他tutu车司机打听过价格呢？不货比三家，就选择了Bunny，这似乎没有道理。“这要问你自己了。”蟋蟀头回答我。 1630，准时出发。当时 ，只与Bunny谈好这个傍晚的车费＄5：送我们去买门票，然后送我们去巴肯山看日落，最后把我们送回旅馆。 旅馆到售票处并不远，tutu车过去十多分钟就到了。实际上，暹粒本就是个小城，城区到呈哥窟十多分钟，到机场也是十多分钟而已。幅员广阔的是茫茫丛林，以及丛林中的寺庙。吴哥的门票很有纪念意义，因为会现场为每个人拍一张照片印在门票上，于是，每张门票都成了个人专属。最值得一提的是，在通货膨胀的今天，吴哥的门票这十年来都没有任何变化。十年前的三天票是＄40，现在依然是同样价格。 买完门票后，我们便直奔巴肯山。中途路过吴哥寺，远远地便能看见人山人海。我倒吸一口气，这么多人，我们如何拍摄日落？对巴肯山的日落，我似乎有了不好的预感。Bunny把车停在巴肯山下，指着不远处的一条山路说道，“你们就从那儿上山吧，我在山下等你们。”放眼看去，上巴肯山的游客也不少。我有点担心，山下这么多人，我们能在人群中找到Bunny吗？或者说，Bunny会找到我们吗？但实际上，我的担心有点多余，Bunny从来没有错过我们，他总是在我们从寺庙出来的第一时间向我们挥手。 在上山的入口处，有个伤残人士组成的民乐团在演奏，我大概看了下介绍，他们自称是地雷的受害者，请求募捐。后来我们在吴哥的每个遗迹入口处，都有看到这样的乐团。柬埔寨曾有举世闻名的吴哥文明，但也曾遭遇几十年的战乱。从1945的抗法战争到后来的内战，几十年的战争让柬埔寨变得满目疮痍。战争中埋下的1000多万颗地雷，比其人口还多，约占全球地雷总数的十分之一。因地雷遍布太广，数量太多，已成为延续至今最大的威胁，给柬埔寨人民带来巨大灾难，被地雷炸伤的人数远大于被炸死的人数。从1991年10月23日“巴黎和平协议”订后，联合国开始往柬埔寨派驻扫雷部队，但据说，要清除柬埔寨所有的地雷，需上百年甚至更长的时间。坏消息是，柬埔寨每天依然有平民被地雷所伤；但好消息是，我们游客去的地方，地雷都已清理干净。只要你走在有路的地方，就不用担心地雷。我放了钱在他们的募捐盒里。后来，每看到这样的乐团，我俩都会捐钱。有人说，有些乐团是假装成地雷受害者，只为骗取钱财。但不管怎样，我相信他们是真的。在神的领地，你敢说谎吗？为了赶上落日，我俩快步向山上走去。巴肯山虽为山，但并不高，高度仅65米，与吴哥窟的高度相近。尽管如此，它也是吴哥区域的制高点之一，所以，它总是被人们列为看日出或日落的地方。爬上山，我俩仅用了十分钟。但一上山，我傻眼了，举目望去，除了人还是人。随着人流往前走，有工作人员在维持秩序，要求大家排成一列，排队上山。抬头，仰望，矗立在山顶的巴肯寺，高高在上。虽然神庙底部大多坍塌，但屹立在山顶的它，依然气势不减。高棉人崇拜山，山与山神，是他们的原始信仰。真腊王朝的国王耶输跋摩一世登基后，把都城从洞里萨湖边的罗洛士迁至吴哥所在的一片平原，并在巴肯山上建立了第一座国庙。巴肯在当时不仅是王朝的中心，也成为婆罗门世界的宇宙中心——须弥山。([]
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林欣喜回来已经一个月了，似是过了很久，又似乎都在眼前。记录总是要做的，为我自己，也为了那些期待已久的人。 线路：苏州--拉萨--塔钦--霍尔--札达--札不让--狮泉河--拉孜--江孜--山南--拉萨--林芝--波密--然乌--八宿--邦达--左贡--芒康--巴塘--理塘--新都桥--小金--成都--重庆--苏州。 耗时：40天，耗资：7500元。 或许是因为走过川藏，再次的走过青藏铁路，仍没能给我惊喜。看别人一直不断的在拍，我有些疑惑，但始终没有拿出相机。 所以我的经历由拉萨开始。 拉萨的第一个早晨，有些小雨，去客厅拿了几本书，冲了咖啡，拿了小食，看着院子里的花，等着房东睡醒。 吃过饭，问了阿里办事处的方向，走过去买去阿里的车票。 比我想像中的远，一路问人，很热心的告诉我，再说按你的速度，再走半小时也到不了，还是打个车吧。那我就走快点呗。 途中，干净的街心公园。 中秋的前一天，副食品批发市场特别热闹。这才是我印象中的拉萨，站在交警边上按了一张。红灯过后，他问我，你不过去吗？笑着摇摇头。 买票很顺利，买到司机后面的座位，心里踏实不少，打个电话回家报了行程。中午照例睡觉，下午去了大召寺。 一天很快就过去了。 第二天是中秋。拿出带来的月饼，想等房东下来一起分食。 他的书指引过我许多地方，现在，他在拉萨开了这间客栈，养了二只狗，五只猫。 狗没下楼，说明他还没有起床。 等到11点多，实在饿得不行，自立更生吧。厨房里一顿忙呼。 还行，我居然把面煮熟了。 仓姑寺，和四年前相仿，依旧是那么多的人。只是，四周多了纱帐，总感觉闷了许多。 在大昭寺的许愿墙前，总会坐着这么一群人，他们的名字叫藏飘，或几天，或几月，或几年。 很容易的，就可以成为他们中的一员。 依然是那么多长磕的人。 只是，少了些纯粹，他们中的一些也会向游客兜售饰品。向朝他们拍照的人要钱。这使我愕然，心里便没有了以前的宁静。 借了垫子，我也磕拜下去，为了我的此行顺利。发现，真是行动的时候，心里并不曾想什么，空空的，只是不断重复着相同的动作。 大昭寺的金顶依然，蓝天白云依旧，这里还是我喜欢的地方。 时值藏族的沐浴节，这是在拉萨河边洗晒毛毯。 每年藏历七月六日至十二日，在西藏，在拉萨河畔，从城市到乡村，从牧区到农区，都有一个群众性的洗澡活动。这种一年一度的洗澡活动，要集中进行一个星期，所以，这是藏族独有的沐浴节，也叫沐浴周。在这七天中，从垂髫的娃娃，到白发苍苍的老人，都要下河洗澡，这已成为藏族群众传统的风俗习惯。在拉萨地区，凡是肉眼看得见南方的弃山星，便说明季节已入春或入秋。每当七月弃山星出现时，季节已进入夏末秋初。据藏文天文历书记载，初秋之水有八大优点：一甘、二凉、三软、四轻、五清、六不臭、七饮时不损喉、八喝下不伤腹。这种归纳是有一定科学道理的。西藏高原冬长夏短，春天雪水入河，冰人肌骨；夏日大雨滂沱，山洪暴发，河水浑浊；冬天皮袍裹身，谁敢入水。只有在入秋之时，水温较高，河水清净。可见秋水最佳，因此，选择这个时机洗澡再合适不过了。 因为游客太多，现在在拉萨已经很少能看到洗澡的场面了。但洗晒厚重的衣物还是随处可见。 晚上跟刚认识的新朋友去了仙足岛的酒吧，是一位藏族姑娘开的，这一边都是她各处收来的东西，另一面墙全是她在各地游玩时拍的照片。 明天就要起程阿里，想着二十几小时的车程，想着平均4500米以上的高度，心中忐忑。 一直睡眠不好，拿了二粒安眠药塞进嘴里，希望能有个好的精神，面对这一切。 9月13号的天气很好，坐在院子里吃过早饭，慢慢的收拾东西。 这些花儿开得真好。 拉萨的班车，总是不能及时开出，不是等这就是等那。待车到西郊客运站附近，总算看到了另一个背包的游客，来自长沙的小张，一个单薄的小姑娘。 见到背包客总会觉得陌名的亲切，急忙问：去阿里哪儿？ 塔钦，你转山吗？ 转，但是想先去札达。 哦。。。。。 拉萨到贡嘎机场的高速，已经是一片丰收景象了。 一路看着窗外，想找回很多记忆里的东西，无奈此车不走羊湖，只见二旁的树叶已开始黄了。 和附近坐位上的当地人聊着天，很快就到了吃晚饭的地方。 时针指向11点，悲剧开始上演，我晕车了。 几年不曾有过的事，一直持续到凌晨3点。 边上坐的是个小武警，一点都不解风情，且不说帮我递个纸巾，水啥，连安慰都没有一声，唉，郁闷。 一夜无眠，挨到清晨，马攸桥检查站。 登记证件，一一核查。 过了这，就是阿里了。 天空乌云密布，不让拍照，我背对着士兵，偷偷按了一张。 继续往前走，快到霍尔的时候，路边好多野马群，悠闲的吃着草，远远的看着车过，也不躲开。 一转弯，前面出现一座雪山，只听到后面有人说，那就是纳木纳尼，神山的第三位美丽的妻子，背面看和正面看完全不同，赶紧的拍下。 远远看到一片集镇，当地人告诉我，那就是塔坎，然后指着左手方向说，那里就是神山的位置。云层太厚，什么也看不见。 考虑到身体状况，在塔钦下了车，跟小张一起寻找住的地方。 找过几家之后，住进北川宾馆，因为居说那里可以洗澡。进了房间，我们俩都倒头就睡，不知道是过了点，还是海拨高，一直也没睡着。 爬起来，去了浴室，细细的水流，空空的房间，怎么看，洗澡的后果都是感冒，还是将就洗下头发吧。 不知怎么，头就开始痛起来。紧接着，发现另一个意外。。。。。。。 唉，休整吧。 拉了小张去找茶馆，叫了酥油茶和甜茶，喝完之后，暖了许多。想想昨晚吃的全部吐光，一整天没吃东西肯定不行，我们又开始寻找饭店。 在东北饺子馆等饺子的时候，认识了来自深圳的吴和东北的笨笨。吴的状况看上去很不好，笨笨很热络的跟我们聊天，并且和小张商量决定明天一起去转山。 吃罢，去了他们住的地方，看到他们另一个同伴，广西的LILY，脸色也很不好，不肯吃饭，只肯喝点葡萄糖水。而且说，明天也要一起转山，让我觉得很担心。 幸好，吃饱后，头痛停止，看到小张什么都没带，翻出护膝、头灯、睡袋等等，让她带着转山的时候用。 一早起床叫起小张，她去过笨笨那边，回来的消息却是：笨笨开始高反，呕吐不止，LILY身体无碍，她们俩决定结伴同行。 既然醒了，就去镇上转转吧。天阴沉沉的，神山依然不见踪影，想回房间的时候，遇上行走缓慢的笨笨和吴，拉着他们去喝甜茶。 笨笨喝了一会就忍不住跑到门外吐，然后决定当天离开塔钦，去海拨低些的札达。 喝甜茶的时候，外面一阵大雨，打LILY的手机，已经没有信号了，不知道山上情况如何，很为她们担心。 这是由苹果基金援助的塔钦苹果小学。 又是一天，云层依然很厚。笨笨已经离开，我和吴决定试着走一下内转经道，看看能不能有所收获。 这是在塔钦看到的纳尼木尼，果然是另一番模样。 因为事先决定带一壶甜茶上去，所以先到了茶馆。4600以上的高度，让我们走到茶馆时就放弃了角架。上到第一个坡的时候，决定明天不带单反。 这是在第一个山坡上看塔钦全景。 远处纳尼木尼脚下是鬼湖拉昂措。 远处冈仁的位置，依然乌云密布，我们期待走近的时候，他可以露出真容。 吴的步履艰难，每次问他，都说喘得很辛苦，想想明天的高度，要到5100，还是加油吧。 内转经道上真是人烟稀少，偶尔会有摩托或者卡车经过，时不时还会有些转山狗。 石头上鲜艳的苔藓 与山融为一体的江扎寺。([]
69堂在线观看国产一卡2卡
朱予义09年8月9号从云南进越南,先在无趣的边境小镇河口住了一晚。 八月十号早晨七点多就到了海关，早上海关的生意很清淡，都没几个人过境去越南，进了海关大门，值勤的武警小战士很主动的上来询问，并把俺的护照拿去办公室办理过境手续并让俺在大厅坐着等待。。。。。大概七、八分钟后办公室的领导出来把俺带进了办公室，他觉得俺的护照破旧和护照内的照片有些磨损，并不断地询问俺一些问，在经过了这番那番的过程后终于办妥让我出境。 出了办公室俺就直接去边检，今天值班的是位二杠二星的中年大婶，她做事严格认真，她也觉得俺得护照好像有点问，正犹豫着要不要放我出境，就这样双方僵持着，这时办公室里的领导干部看不下去了，就出来与中年大婶商议并认为护照他们己经认真的检验过并不存在问，又经过他们内部这番那番后顺利的岀境。 出境后走在大桥上心情轻松了很多，走了一会儿就到了越南海关，进了大堂后眼前一亮，里面值勤的越南小娘们清一色的水灵娇艳，这跟大陆这边的海关反差太大了，越南海关这方面的形象工程比中国海关要略甠胜好几筹。 当我准备要入关时，接待我的越南小娘们以我没国际健康证为由拒绝我进入，不过不要紧，俺还是知道这方面状态的，马上转过身拿出三十元夹在护照内再次递给她，刚才还冷艳着的小娘们见此情景后再经双方眼神与表情的交融下终于半推半就地顺从了。。。。 双方完事后，小娘们的神态明显轻松愉悦了很多，并主动的指点俺该怎样地填入境表格（俺不识英文啊）。 填好表后顺利的入境，在进入越南老街后花五元人民币坐麾托车去火车站，准备买九点十五分由老街发车去首都河内的火车票，正当俺拿出电子词典准备把要什么样的票由中文翻译成英文给售票员看时，旁边一位会中文的越南小伙子上来主动要求帮我买车票并要给他一点小费，俺看他态度诚恳人也不坏，就把买票的这单生意交给他并给了他十元的小费，就这样花些小费大家皆大欢喜，十元钱对他来说是笔不错的收入，对我来说十元钱买了个轻松自在。 在候车室等了二十分钟后上车，俺买的是坐位，花了八万八千越南盾，这里的火车要比国内的窄，一排只有四个座位，而且车速很慢，就这样晃晃悠悠的坐了十二小时后终于到了河内，下了火车熟门熟路地去老地方找旅馆安颊住下。 从越南边境老街开往首都河内的火车上在火车上的越南小妹上午去河内还剑湖周围转,和上次一样,行走的漫无方向上午去河内还剑湖周围转,和上次一样,行走的漫无方向然后去了河内市剧院,这是个法国建筑,超喜欢........然后去了河内市剧院,这是个法国建筑,超喜欢........剧院旁边的小吃摊中饭后去了几家画廊，基本都是西洋油画，有二家的作品越南味比效重很喜欢，其中一家允许我拍摄，就匆忙的拍了几张。。。。吃完快餐后去了几家画廊，基本都是西洋油画，有二家的作品越南味比效重很喜欢，其中一家允许我拍摄，就匆忙的拍了几张。。。。欣赏完画后就继续围着还剑湖走，看到一个饮品小摊，尝了下鲜榨果汁用杯子旁边的这种水果榨好了一杯，5000盾，相当于2元人民币\很多人在喝在聊暍完后去湖边。。。。树荫下的小妺午饭这是耶汁混入各类水果和豆类后再加冰沙的饮品,非常可口,一杯卖一万越南盾.走过一条狗肉街当地平民晚上消费的场合和他们一起来干上几杯吧晚上十一点多人行道上的小吃摊。。。很后现代的地儿中午乘车再去老甜品店，途中路过的老教堂这家甜品店的店面与甜品这家甜品店里经常有秀色可餐的城中小女生混迹于此 在河内呆了几天后乘夜班巴士去顺化，第二天早上到了顺化，在旅馆补了个觉后下午去了THANH TOAN廊桥，再去它旁边的村庄去看看.......顺化市城乡结合处的小湖泊THANH TOAN廊桥在廊桥内休息的老人廊桥内的供奉和功德箱THANH TOAN廊桥THANH TOAN廊桥桥顶桥下的水中莲.....([]
长安亚洲大灰狼
谢伊婷Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth(
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