白尾妖狐的榨汁地狱
苏宪皓 95061万字 54181人读过 连载
一直在关注，一直在潜水，一直惦记着什么时候能回报下社会。。。先上几张图片，看看够不够毒。。。 行程：Day01（0919）：上海－拉萨Day02（0920）：拉萨－定日Day03（0921）：定日－吉隆－聂拉木Day04（0922）：聂拉木－樟木－聂拉木Day05（0923）：聂拉木－希峰营地（徒步&露营）Day06（0924）：营地－希夏邦马大本营－营地（徒步&露营）Day07（0925）：营地－聂拉木－老定日（徒步）Day08（0926）：老定日－曲当乡Day09（0927）：曲当乡优帕村－晓乌措营地（徒步&露营）Day10（0928）：晓乌措营地－卓湘营地（徒步&露营）Day11（0929）：卓湘营地－热嘎营地（徒步&露营）Day12（0930）：热嘎营地－白当营地（徒步&露营）Day13（1001）：白当营地－珠峰东坡大本营－热嘎营地（徒步&露营）Day14（1002）：热嘎营地－措学仁玛营地（徒步&露营）Day15（1003）：措学仁玛营地－轮珠林村－曲当乡（徒步）Day16（1004）：曲当乡－江孜Day17（1005）：江孜－多庆措－江孜Day18（1006）：江孜－拉萨Day19（1007）：拉萨Day20（1008）：拉萨－上海 这基本上会是一个以图片为主的连环画形式的游记。。。详细游记攻略请参阅队友英子在磨房的帖子：https//www.doyouhike.net/forum/backpacking/1000424,0,0,1.html，那儿事无巨细
最新章节： 第521章 伊朗外长被美国拒签 （ 2024-05-15 08:47:03）
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陈碧天临出发前2天，零红蝶独自前往温宿破城子煤矿探了一趟路，回来后做出了反穿夏特古道的决定。当我们一行18人在乌鲁木齐南郊客运站乘坐开往阿克苏的大巴时，他还用炫耀的口气得意洋洋地说：我们要从南疆走到北疆！从荒漠走到美丽的草原！越走越美！ 牛人就是牛人！ 当我们经过一夜加半个上午的长途颠簸，终于站在托木尔峰缓冲带博孜墩边境管理区等候边检登记检查时，才突然想起从乌鲁木齐随车携带的气罐落在了客车上！此时我们与营运客车的距离已经近百公里。一阵忙乱联络安排，待再上路时，已经比预计的时间晚了约3个小时。至旧金矿破房子后，下车、分装气罐、整理背包，开始徒步上路。于漫天浮尘中约行进6、7公里，天色渐晚，择地扎营。 曾经看过王铁男先生的 《魂断夏特古道》，痛失好友的泣血经历使人对夏特充满恐惧，但是神秘的冰川又总是让人欲罢不能。 关于夏特古道： 夏特，清称沙图阿满台，位于昭苏西南部的汗腾格里山下，是伊犁至阿克苏的交通驿站。夏特古道北起伊犁昭苏夏塔牧场，南至阿克苏温宿破城子，沟通天山南北，全长120公里，是丝绸之路上最为险峻的一条沟通南北疆的著名古隘道。 夏特古道承载着太多太厚重的历史，有过太多太炫目的辉煌。2000年前秦汉的和亲公主从这里远托异国；1300年前唐玄奘从这里翻越3500米的哈达木孜达坂，到达天山南麓的龟兹佛国。上个世纪初期，芬兰的探险家马达汉，由阿克苏出发经夏特古道回国，1944年～1946年他担任了芬兰共和国总统。不知在成为总统后，马达汉是否曾经在梦里重走夏特··· 夏特，木扎尔特冰川携带着万古的悠远，散发着神秘的光芒。能在无边苍穹下的冰川上安身，绝对是上帝的独特恩宠。反穿夏特古道，我们将从破城子进山，夏塔牧场出山，从荒漠走向丰美的草原。 被遗弃是荒凉的。但是，荒凉，有时也是一种美；静默无言，或许是生命的另一种倾诉。每次长线重装的过程，恰如一次脱胎换骨。凤凰涅槃，浴火重生，须得一段痛苦煎熬！这，也是一种生命的倾诉！ 次日晨9点准时拔营。行前晨会，领队告诉我们当日需要行进20公里，主要沿木扎尔特河主流，一路朔北而上。 因为头天的延误，今天一开始的步伐很赶。沙尘天气让行走很不舒服，每个人都不得不捂着。在隐约看到同行的另外的队伍背影后，零红蝶骄傲地吼着“我们要追上他们了，我们要超过他们.......” 我们的队伍比较整齐，强驴辈出，相形之下我只能算是弱者，果然不久就见了分晓。渐渐地，我的背负感到了沉重。在一次次爬坡之后，一种不好的感觉逐渐笼罩：先是眼睛发花看不清路，接着腿脚也开始有些不听使唤地乱拧起来，我落在了后面。调整、调整，我嘱咐着自己，但是却没有多大改观。我坚持着大口呼吸调整着，竭力不让自己拉得太远。就在这时，心脏的紧刺感袭来，疼痛、呕吐感、呼吸急促，以及眼前发黑同时出现了...... 我出状况了！ 从未有过的恐惧和绝望...... 停下，咽下水和急备药丸，我继续调整着，瘫软却逐渐弥漫到了全身。我坚持着靠近了收队夏天，告诉他：我恐怕走不出去了。 夏天扶我斜靠在一处土坡上，喝水、喘息、调整，状况有所减轻。领队派来了不离不弃，背走了我的大包，前队也在高坡上倒伏的铁架处休息等着我。不能拖累队伍的决心让我在稍微缓解后要求继续前行，但是只走了百余米后，一阵恍惚，依稀望见夏天在我前面右侧，伸出手去抓住了他的胳膊，身体便滑落倒下去了...... 似乎就像睡了一觉，再醒来时看见我的周围：双鱼、三儿、好人、夏天等都在，当然，还有领队零红蝶！ 零红蝶告诉了我他们的决定：让不离不弃陪着我下撤。 泪水、鼻涕，伴着发自心底的绝望不可收拾！难受的感觉，颤抖的身体，这样的干滩上如何下撤？对陪我下撤的人来说，风险岂不更大？自己做了长时间的准备，只为冰川之旅，下撤？？？ 泪奔中我拼命调整自己，告诉他们我能行，我能调整过来的！好像还流着泪请领队帮我实现自己的愿望，请求在前队休息的地方路餐休息后看状态再决定撤还是不撤...... 最后的结果是，在双鱼和三儿两人一左一右的架扶下，在夏天随后几步一歇的节奏控制下，我就像太后出巡一般地，一步步爬上了高坡，站在了山顶的铁架旁。休息、调整、慢行，我的状态逐渐在恢复...... 似这样熬到晚上8点左右，终于到了冰川下面的营地，骤雨来袭。不离不弃已经提前为我们扎好了帐篷，还送来了烧好的热牛奶。放倒在帐中，昏昏沉沉地睡去，我需要好好歇歇，备战明天更难更严峻的翻越达坂。 今天，没有后撤就是最大的成功！ 3日早晨拔营后，一直处于万劫不复的冰川延伸带的爬升中。为了照顾我，之前领队安排好人背走了我的相机，飞翔、三儿、牧民大哥、双鱼等分走了我包中的食物。在夏天、好人、双鱼、不弃和三儿等协作的先后分别陪伴护佑下，我踏上了翻越冰川达坂之路。从上路开始便一直不停地走，告诫自己绝不能停，不能拖累大家...... 因为地质运动及气候等原因，夏特冰川在以令人惊异的速度退去。碎石、泥雪、石粉布满的前路，不久就令人崩溃！能够让人提起精神的，是连绵的冰川带给我们的惊喜。原来的古道多经地质变迁无法通行，能够找到古道遗存是非常不易的，多半都需要领队先行探路确认后才能通过。 继续...... 直到中午三点多，才在冰川上海拔2900多米处找到有水源的午间营地。坐下来休整，才觉得右腿膝盖下的疼痛，卷起裤腿，一处硬币大的伤口还在渗血，那是前面在行走时不慎踩翻了一处松动的石块造成的！得！祸不单行！ 当天后半段的路途多是沿渐渐融化的冰川体斜切。穿行于冰川之中，万古岁月消融，冰川也在消融，时不时会传来冰川融化断裂的轰鸣巨响，令人胆寒。当晚，扎营在一处约5、6米高的冰壁前，营地海拔3200多米。 继续渡劫之旅...... 万古的冰川，也经不起岁月的流逝。在零零碎碎的时光中，无可奈何地沉寂、消融、坍塌、奔泻。一直以为自己很坚强，面对隆隆作化的冰川，却不得不正视残酷，与万古相比，我们的生命是那么的脆弱、那么的微不足道！莽莽天地间，我们究竟该如何安放自己的灵魂？ 4日晨9：30时启程，再向上攀高300米海拔，到达木扎尔特冰川达坂顶部。木扎尔特达坂海拔3582米，也是南天山南北水系的分水岭，北为昭苏夏特河源头的冰川，南为阿克苏拜城木扎尔特河源头。木扎尔特达坂东西两侧均为海拔5000—5400米的山峰，常年银装素裹。站在这里，极目远眺，云天激荡，山势傲伟，冰川雄厚，那种壮阔之美，令你浑身的疲惫顷刻灰飞烟灭...... 夏特之精华，此刻尽在我们眼前！最难的路，我们已经走过来了！ 下达坂的雪野中，积雪很厚很厚，很多地方都没过了大腿。领队在前面趟路，我们在后面随行，行路艰难。特别是几次涉过寒彻肌骨的冰水后，漫长的前路和刺骨的冰水几乎耗尽了我们的全部体能。“前方1.5公里是今天的营地”，领队说。但是这最后的1.5公里却走的太久、太难，也许是我们体能到了极限，也许是领队开路也累勺了以致预计有误，（我更愿意相信是后者，零红蝶真给累勺了！）过桥后，好不容易熬到了所谓的五星营地，所有人都不愿再动了。但是营地虽好，营地旁的一条小溪却干涸了！没有水源的营地怎么能是五星级营地？几个协作又不得不跑很远的地方取水...... 尽管不远处浑浊的冰川河水在咆哮着向下奔流...... 寒彻肌骨的冰水现在回想起来都如同噩梦...... 没有水源的营地怎么能称五星？ 5日，我们穿行在雪莲峰护佑下的夏塔牧场。神秘而美丽的雪莲峰一直目送着我们，无数次回望，无数次感恩，无数次欢笑，似乎所有的艰辛与苦难都已经淡忘。但是，我知道，这一路，我真是来渡劫了！在过夏塔牧场中一条窄窄的小溪时，我又一次踩翻了石块...... 后记： 有一种缘分，叫上天注定；有一种相遇，叫神的安排。 去夏特之前，拜读过王铁男老师的《魂断夏特古道》，对夏特之险有所了解，对能让新疆户外前辈翻船的木扎尔特河心存敬畏。回来后才知道，我出状况不远处的河道，正是当年董务新前辈遇难的地方。那个有铁架的高坡上，正是董务新前辈的衣冠冢。当领队和协作们全部冲下坡去急救我时，队里的南山牧民大哥一直在围着那几个玛尼堆念念叨叨...... 这难道真是上天给我的安排...... 我：夏天，我可能走不出去了！ 夏：不会的！记得博格达吗？跟着我，我会带你走出去的...... 这是我开始出状况时跟夏天的对话，我清醒的记着。当年的博格达，我正是踩着夏天的脚步，一步步登上了碎石达坂。但是眼下，我却走不动了！ 我不知道后来当我抓着夏天的胳膊倒下去的时候，夏天的心情和举动。平素里夏天是个沉稳的人，好人说正是因为沉稳的夏天发出了“会急救的赶紧下来”的呼声，他们才觉得事情严重，四五个人迅速地赶到了我的身边...... 在路上我曾经想过，夏特之行也许是我最后一次行走了，也许这次就走不出去了。感谢上天垂爱，我不仅平安走出，还结识了一帮生死弟兄！ 兄弟们，有你们，真棒！ 艰难的路...... 万古冰川消融...... 美丽的雪莲峰目送着我们....... 丰腴的夏塔牧场包容着我们...... 平安夏特，我们感恩天与地！永志涅槃之旅......看到零队的夏特计划，咋又动心了呢？！([]
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陈于珊走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
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郑馨仪柬埔寨游记那年春节是在柬埔寨过的， 突击浏览了两本书，还得带上，边走边看。柬埔寨游记出行路线：金边---洞里萨河（湖）---暹粒，04年的CNG，柬埔寨专辑--苦难与微笑，看了之后想去走走。百度资讯：柬埔寨，旧称高棉，位于中南半岛南部，东部和东南部同越南接壤，北部与老挝交界，西部和西北部与泰国毗邻，西南濒临暹罗湾。海岸线长约460公里。属热带季风气候，年均气温为24℃。柬埔寨首都金边。高棉族是主体民族，占总人口的80%。高棉语为通用语言，与英语、法语同为官方语言。佛教为国教，95%以上的居民信奉佛教。公元1世纪下半叶建国，历经扶南、真腊、吴哥等时期。9～14世纪吴哥王朝为鼎盛时期，国力强盛，文化发达，创造了举世闻名的吴哥文明。 A. 金边掠影金边（PhnumPenh）是柬埔寨的首都，金边座落在湄公河与洞里萨湖之间的三角洲地带。经过近半个世纪的战火侵袭，这里已经失去了往日风韵，显得残破而贫瘠。很多游客只是把金边作为一个中转地，稍作停留就匆匆赶往吴哥窟。但这个城市自有它的魅力，或许只有放慢节奏，耐心品味，才能真正体会得到。A. 金边掠影右边是湄公河，左边是洞里萨河，王宫和博物馆就在洞里萨河岸边。我把金边的重点放在：A. 扫街B. 王宫C. 国家博物馆A. 金边掠影金色河边，落日时分的洞里萨河畔。到金边的第一张片子。 柬埔寨游记A. 金边掠影洞里萨河畔的皇宫外广场A. 金边掠影洞里萨河畔的皇宫外广场.金黄色的袈裟，匆匆的背影。A. 金边掠影洞里萨河畔的皇宫外广场.节日时在正中位置会悬挂国王西哈莫尼画像。A. 金边掠影洞里萨河畔的皇宫外广场.休闲和劳作的人们。A. 金边掠影日落，凝望洞里萨河的金狮和孩子们。A. 金边掠影日落洞里萨河， 右边的金属悬臂衍架是放生用的。A. 金边掠影柬越友谊纪念碑，碑体侧面有国旗可证。A. 金边掠影柬越友谊纪念碑，地缘政治哈。背景是皇宫。A. 金边掠影精美的喷水池，背景是独立纪念碑。蛇神，柬文化的象征。A. 金边掠影独立纪念碑是为纪念1953年11月9日柬摆脱法国殖民统治，获得完全独立而建。1958年3月落成.每年独立节时，柬国王或国王代表都在此举行隆重的庆典。来访的外国元首也多到这里献花圈。A. 金边掠影独立纪念碑前买尼龙吊床的老人。一直后悔没有买一条，嗨！A. 金边掠影国家博物馆外景A. 金边掠影国家博物馆主体建筑外景11A. 金边掠影国家博物馆只能外拍，谢绝拍摄展品。在红色的主体建筑中将有一个很开阔的露天花园。A. 金边掠影国家博物馆即便外拍，也要收费3美元，这个我很晕。露天花园正中是池塘。A. 金边掠影国家博物馆先在馆外欣赏一下柬埔寨的建筑风格。A. 金边掠影国家博物馆管内严禁拍摄，只好用小DC盲拍，握在手里不出声，边走边拍。A. 金边掠影国家博物馆。盲拍成功率蛮低的，这幅还是可以的。注意到“那迦”了吗？那迦--七头蛇神，被视为柬埔寨国家起源的神圣象征和王国兴旺的保护神。还有那迦后面一对美丽的小天使.11A. 金边掠影国家博物馆宗教与艺术是博物馆里所有陈列品的主。宗教是灵魂，艺术是载体，还有就是高棉人神秘的气息......A. 金边掠影国家博物馆经典的那迦，神秘的手印。手印是密宗的象征，是用来回答一切不可言说的神秘事物和智慧之精髓。A. 金边掠影国家博物馆吴哥只是神原来住的房子，房子的主人被保护到国家博物馆里去了，当然还有外流至西方博物馆的。([]
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程鸿珊Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birt
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林珍瑶原计划8月20号走狼塔C，之后的9月骑新藏线。无奈计划赶不上变化，等确定下来成行已是9月下旬了。之前上论坛找狼塔，新藏线的游记功略，找出各个游记功略的重点，以及帖子里容易走错的地方加以整理学习。前人的成功和失误也是能顺利完成此次穿越的保障，在此感谢前人们的辛苦付出。自助对于每个户外人来说是基本的要求，不管是跟团走还是个人走，功略的制订和学习是必须的。能遇见同行的人就一起走，那也是缘份，遇不见就一个人走。对照功略和目的地对自己做个全面客观的评估，能不能去自己心里要有底儿。对于或许出现的困难怎么去解决，要做到心中有数。此次出行不会赋予自己挑战自然，挑战自我的想法，对于自然我始终心存敬畏，自然不是人能挑战的，在自然面前你始终是那么的渺小。挑战自我，不如背上一袋大米找个楼梯上上下下，起码省钱省事了，于我来说出行就是一次让自己心情放松愉悦的过程。近来户外屡屡出事，不管是团队还是个人出行，安全始终是第一位的，生命只有一次，为了家人为了自己，祝愿所有行走在路上的朋友们，行再远，安到家。 对有朋友关心的几个问，简单回复如下： 导航：无GPS，无等高线地图。有的话我会带的，毕竟GPS能增加行程的安全和心理上的塌实感。马道：狼塔马道基本上清晰，遇有多条马道时，只要认准了大方向就没问，在确定不准的情况下，找找细节，驴友们走过的马道多少都会有烟头，糖纸之类的痕迹，再就是登山仗扎在地上的小孔，这个是最准确的。冰河：冰河没有夏季水大，但温度应该冷了不少。个人觉得不算太凉，或许跟自己坚持冬天冷水洗澡有关。过冰河，我的体会是步伐不能大，抬起的脚要贴着河底前滑踩稳后，另外一只脚再依此而行，登山仗不能在水里往前挪动，要提离水面后再插下去。水流湍急处一根登山仗也或许能把你的身体给带倒在冰河里。难点：整个行程下来个人感觉没有难点。翻越达坂时体力不太好的朋友或许会觉得有些恼火。客观的说有两处地方通过要注意，一处是沿台普希克马河逆流而上过老虎口后那段半山腰的羊肠小道，落脚点小，路面倾斜。此段路有处塌方的地方不好走，感觉通过困难的朋友，最好提前在塌方处的右手往上有道绕过去为好，这一点前人的功略里都有提到过。另外一处是快到库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂顶部有段路岩石风化严重，坡度很陡，加之脚下都是细小的碎石容易打滑，如团队攀爬时一定要照顾下体力相对弱些的队友。动物：大家最关心的是狼，没有看到狼，途中扎营两晚上有动物在帐篷外活动，风吹帐篷的动静和动物摩擦帐篷的动静我还是能分辨的。拿头灯照射没有看到动物，此地除了狼还有比狼多的旱獭。装备：派格80升背包，K2三人玻璃钢杆帐篷，沉重。四孔棉睡袋，保暖效果不好，最好带羽绒睡袋，保暖重量又轻。以上三件物品都已经使用了十多年该换了。绳子30米，个人出行必带的。包里常备矿泉水两瓶，压缩饼干一包，这两样穿越时基本上不动用，都是以防无水无粮时救急用的，所以都算在装备里，个人认为这是个好习惯。方便固体燃料一包，每块可做250克米饭，没有气罐时做饭或阴雨潮湿时助燃篝火都成。在呼图壁大自在店里买蓝气罐2个，走狼塔用了1个。气罐：朋友问早晚都吃热饭情况下如何做到只用了一罐气？全程直接饮用河水，不烧水用气就相对少些。早晚都是热粥，方法是水和大米一起放锅里，打开火等开锅了就关气闷着，这时候该忙什么就忙什么。稍后加一把麦片再打开火，再次开锅后稍等片刻就关气，再闷一会就可以吃到熟透的热饭了。在没有确定安全出山前，尽量节约物资的消耗。衣服：带抓绒的冲锋衣，迷彩作训服一套，保暖内衣是为了骑行准备的，在狼塔因睡袋不给力提前用了。还有厚的手套等等，也是为骑行准备。袜子两双。军胶过河用。食物：大米二，三斤左右，免煮麦片一包。普通火腿肠8根。牛肉两包每包200克，狼塔只吃了一包。老干妈辣酱一瓶，第一天拔营遗忘在营地了。咸菜7包，葡萄糖粉一包，大个的厚馕一个，够我每天中午的午餐了。药品：维C银翘片，速效伤风胶囊配着阿莫西林预防医治感冒便宜实惠有疗效。黄连素医治拉肚子效果不错。善存维生素每天一粒可总是忘吃。其他是创可贴若干。杂务：电池3板。电动剃须刀，牙刷牙膏，香烟一条。做好防晒措施，防晒霜就别带了，丛林帽可以有效预防日晒，护肤品在山里就放弃吧，最好的护肤就是清水洗脸，面部的油脂就是最好的防护品。外话：有感于一路上遇见N个善良好心的人们，想对朋友们说：出行在外，想得到真诚善意，得到尊重，那就先回馈给对方以真诚的善意和尊重吧，你能去尊重对方，对方才会有可能的来尊重你，帮助你。尊重大多时候都是相互的，哪怕是你的尊重和礼貌没有得到对方的回应，一直下去总会能遇见尊重你的好人，毕竟这个社会上还是好人多。9月19号 昨晚上发现10多年的登山鞋底子开胶，上午去郑州探索者户外买了双鞋子，又拿了件凯乐石的冲锋衣。晚上8：45的火车竟然晚点到0：00才到，坐这班列车的大多都是去新疆采棉花的，提前四天买票只有K175这趟车还有唯一的一张座票。火车上拥挤程度丝毫不亚于春运，车出郑州站不到20分钟又临时停车，一停就是1个多小时，后来得知是三门峡附近山体塌方，双线变单线，受其影响经过那段线路的列车都晚点。拥挤的车厢不亚于春运。 9月22号乌鲁木齐----白杨沟煤矿扎营本该昨天中午1：30到乌鲁木齐的列车，今早5点才到了乌鲁木齐，晚点了近15个小时。打车10元到红山百盛找青年人旅舍，遇见两驴友告之无床位，旁边的麦田也无床位。他们刚从狼塔出来，简单的问了一下狼塔的情况后，又一起打车回火车站存包。9点去看望了二姨，走时拿的一个加厚的馕解决了我后来几天狼塔的午餐问。中午1：30坐上了去呼图壁的班车，车费17元。3点多到达呼图壁，打车来回10元到了狼塔户外大自在的店里买了两个兰气罐40元。4：40分坐上了到白杨沟煤矿的班车，票价15元。7：30左右到了白杨沟煤矿，人多的话包车可以一直往里走，能节省不少时间和体力。下车上包经过煤矿往里走，上一小坡经过几户人家后开始下起雨来，新疆的秋季天黑的要比夏季早，加之天阴下雨到8点多天已经黑了起来，在道路边找个宽敞点的地方就地扎营。山里的夜晚还是冷，但相比之后的狼塔路上，这一晚是最暖和的了。 9月23号白杨沟煤矿----白杨沟扎营（营地海拔大约2700米）定的闹铃是6点的，可外面依然黑着，又定了7点，还是黑，又7：30，又8点，早餐依旧是一把大米煮麦片， 9点起营出发。顺着昨天来时大路走，在路边一个大的油罐旁边开始下到白杨沟河谷，而大路一直在此往左侧向上盘升，后来知道顺着这条大路可以坐车一直到接近白杨沟达坂的地方。继续前行经过了志性的蛤蟆石，过桥前一直在白杨沟河的左侧行走，在经过一个离水边很近的地方，两包挂面从手里的袋子漏出掉在了河里。过桥之后行走在白杨沟河的右岸，大概是中午1点到了一个哈萨的帐篷。小伙子的母亲沏了碗奶给我喝，醇醇的奶香让人难以忘记。告别了哈萨，沿右侧斜上坡继续前行，下坡后沿白杨河河谷右侧行走，午餐在一处河滩相对比较开阔地解决，馕加水。一路上经过多个铁丝围起来的牧场，有几处房子但没有见到人，夏天此处的风景一定很美。走不远发现在白杨河的对岸出现了一条机耕路，网上提到过有条路往里修了10公里，应该是这条路了。之后机耕路跟我走的马道汇合成了一条路，沿着这样的路行走很是乏味，自然的痕迹被破坏了，路的出现让心情也受了影响。下午大概5点左右，遇见石河子户外的行云流水和他的朋友们，他们十一要来走狼塔，提前来看下地形，临走行云流水拿了水给我。告别行云流水，下到河谷沿河往上走去，7：40选择一块平整靠近水边的地方下包准备扎营。远远的看见白杨沟达坂方向下来几个驴友，是拓石户外的领队五道黑带的队伍反穿过来的。告别后扎营做饭，空旷的山谷里除了水声风声，还有不远的山上碎石不时滑落的声音。今天从营地开始的机耕路下到白杨沟河谷，过桥之前一直是沿河左侧马道行走，过了桥后就是一直沿河的右侧马道走了。看功略很多队伍这段路上过了几次河，那是没有找到马道，只要认准了马道，全程是可以不用过河的，有些马道需要你多绕一些路罢了。因为新鞋没有时间磨合，又是重装徒步，脚疼的厉害。临坐火车前一晚上才发现老鞋底开胶，第二天买了新鞋没时间磨合只能这样了。这个桥之前一直是沿白杨沟河的左岸行进，过了这个桥后一直到白杨沟营地都是在右侧马道行进。按照这样走第一天是完全不用过河的。很多朋友第一天过河，应该是某些地段没有找到马道。这是见到哈萨人家之前的一段横切。热情的哈萨，浓浓奶香的味道让人怀念。过了这个弯就是开阔地，看着远处的雪山，喝着冰河水啃着馕，心情是舒畅的。宿营地 9月24号白杨沟----白杨沟达坂（3852米）----马鞍营地（2900米）想着离达坂近，今天起的晚了一些。昨夜风大，晚上睡觉时穿了保暖内衣。白杨沟达坂到马鞍营地之间无水源，尽量多带些水。拔营后离开河谷还是走右侧半山腰的马道，一直到河谷几乎见不到水的地方，河谷中间有一个大的碎石小山包，别去了碎石山包的左侧，那里有个冰达坂是到不了白杨沟达坂的。脚和新鞋磨合时间短还是疼的厉害，12点多在达坂底下午餐，馕加一根香肠。初看白杨沟达坂，觉得不是很高，上达坂顶前的石头坡是坡连坡，上升一个紧接着又是一个石头坡等着你，后面几个达坂除了库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂是碎石坡，其他几个达坂大多都是如此。沿途马道之字型很清晰，右侧山底一条大的冰川一直延伸到山顶。中途看到山左侧有种大鸟笨笨的，体态如鸭子，还能飞起来，叫声很是特别。后来在出山时，搭的油罐车司机告诉我说那叫雪鸡，是很好的补品药材，要是抓了被发现是要判刑的。天空开始飘起了雪花，5点左右到达白杨沟达坂顶部，白杨沟达坂海拔3844米。顶部有几个玛尼堆，但也有说是牧民的导航柱。山顶风很大，远处是河源峰，天气不好不是很清晰。哈萨克称河源峰为狼塔，意即群狼守护的山峰。往山下走的路坡度相对陡些，都是碎石面，有时踩一脚能滑出老远。陡坡下完经过一处相对平缓些的草地。沿马道往右手高处走，上了一段小坡后就到了一个小垭口，马鞍营地就在下方了。提醒一下，下垭口不多远的这段路，过的时间要警惕北山羊。在垭口上看到右侧山上有北山羊，我刚下垭口不远，就听到北山羊站的那个地方开始有石头滚落的声音，我随即停止前行，一会儿就看到一些碗大的碎石滚落下来正好经过要走的马道，这滚落下来的应该是被北山羊踩塌的碎石了。风大雪还在飘，天阴也黑的早，下到马鞍营地天已经黑了，就地扎营。马鞍营地是一块不大的营地，就是牛粪多了些。刚把帐篷扎好，肚子就不争气的闹了起来，或许是猛一下喝了山水不服水土的缘故。吃了两片黄连素，如是这样一晚上又起夜两次，把我给折腾的。过后还是依然喝的没有煮过的冰河水，但胃已经适应了，再没有闹腾过。马鞍营地离水源地有些远，如团队穿越的话尽量往左手马道下去到低点的小河沟扎营，离水源近这样做饭也方便些。河谷的尽头就是白杨沟达坂的入口一直沿河谷马道右侧前行.图片左侧就是碎石小山包.不要走碎石小山包的左侧,那里的沟口上去不是白杨沟达坂.前行至白杨沟达坂下面,冰舌左侧有清晰的马道. 狼塔之行真正的开始了.画面最左侧有马道,不要往照片右处走了.翻越白杨沟达坂途中.马上就要上达坂顶部.达坂顶部.远处的河源峰,天气不好看不清楚.达坂顶部的玛尼堆,也有说是哈萨用来导航的志,个人更倾向于导航的作用.山里放牧的都是哈萨,不应该有藏传佛教的礼仪,想必是之前的驴友们把它定义成玛尼堆了.达坂上自拍.此处下山.感谢楼上朋友们的支持，不一一回复了。。TO：行云流水，又见面了，一瓶水也可暖人心，业余未曾忘记。有朋友的关心是温暖的，出狼塔前你们对我的挂念，到后来化做了我对你们出狼塔前的挂念。这样的感觉满好的。 9月25号马鞍营地----台普希克马河五星营地昨晚上起夜两次办大事，睡的不好。定7：30的闹铃，朦朦胧胧的不在状态，继续睡。起来已是11点了，煮了米饭加麦片吃完精神好了很多。马鞍营地左右都有马道，正确的马道是在左侧，左侧要下去一点才能看到清晰马道，右侧马道到是很明显，如果营地选择在马鞍的话，右侧马道下去不远的一个陡坡就可接岩缝流出的水做饭。新鞋的磨合期忒短，脚疼的厉害，随把过河用的军胶换上，之后的几天一直穿着这双军胶走出了狼塔，直到后来骑车走新藏线因天气原因返回喀什后，为了给车子后货架减负才把这双军胶给放弃了。中午12点多拔营出发，沿左侧马道下去经过一个小河沟，沟两边附近都有扎营的痕迹。沿着小河沟的左侧马道走个小上坡，旁边是一块平整些的地方，扎营也是不错，但还是离水源远些。过了小上坡就开始往下走，一直到谷底就是台普希克马河的一个支流。过河前行不远在水边有处平坦的营地，有石头垒起的灶台，想必是牧民的一个宿营点，地上还有被丢弃的气罐。此季节的冰河没有夏季的水大，但温度比夏季应该是又低了不少。看功略上说夏季过冰河也是寒冷刺骨，个人觉得水温还成，不算太凉，或许跟自己坚持冬天冷水洗澡有关。经过一处上坡后开始在水流右侧的马道上前行，间断的树下，灌木丛中，上坡下坡中行走，行不远过河左岸沿马道山腰行走，翻过一个小垭口下行，继续前行会看到一座木桥，过了桥不远处就要往右侧上栈道了。马道有岔口，有的队伍在此会错过栈道而顺河谷下到两河交汇处，两河交汇处其实就是台普希克马河的支流和主河的交汇处，在两河交汇处往右（台普希克马河主河道）逆流而上也能到达台普希克马河河边的五星营地，水大时不好通过。回来后看帖子，有队伍是错过栈道口走的河谷到两河交汇处，或许因为水大而后返回又走栈道的。栈道是人工在峭壁上开凿出来的，要注意自己的背包，不要为了照相看景侧身而忘记自己是背着包呢。走路不看景，看景不走路，这是爬山中的原则，特别是在一些相对有些难度有些危险的地方更是要如此。过栈道后要爬升一个上坡，经过坡顶的小垭口，就可以看到台普希克马河的主河道了，五星营地就在你眼皮底下的树林里。下山的路有些湿滑落脚点也不是很宽，要注意安全。之后沿着山腰一路下行，下午5点钟到了谷底台普希克马河边的五星营地。在绿树的掩映下，宽敞平坦又离水源这样的近，确实是个好营地，决定在此扎营。营地到处都是驴子的痕迹，残余的篝火，用完的气罐，在一棵树叉上还绑了一个塑料袋子，里面是几包咸菜。不管是吃不了还是为了减负，能把东西细心保存留给后面的人，勘称好人。咸菜我包里还有，原封不动的又把塑料袋子系回了树叉上。本想着生堆篝火，可晚上风太大了，无奈还是钻进了帐篷开火做饭。马鞍营地，牛粪不少。左侧往下走就能看到马道了。下到沟里就能看到台普希克马河的一个支流，要开始狼塔的过冰河了。衣服还在，里边的没了。继续下行到谷里。高处的山峰还是很雄伟的。 下到河谷看到这座桥，过了桥有段栈道。狼塔的栈道还是满宽的，客观说只要不恐高的话，很容易通过的。要注意自己的背包，不要为了照相看景侧身而忘记自己是背着包呢。走路不看景，看景不走路，这是爬山中的原则。台普希克马河谷的五星营地。夏天的话这里扎营风景一定很美。 9月26号台普希克马河五星营地----库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂下面平缓地（2991米）8点钟起床天还是黑的，收拾完毕后已经9点多了，沿台普希克马河逆流而上，没有多久就要过桥到河左岸行走。沿途不时可以看到两岸山上黄羊的影子，这些蝎灵用灵巧的姿态演绎着岩壁芭蕾，让人很是羡慕。也开始看到羊的头骨和一些散乱的骨架，盯着这些东西看多了，心里也会毛毛的。河滩上行走，只要掌握好大方向就好办，至于马道，能看到的或许有好几条，按大方向走，哪条合适就走哪条，大方向选择好了就差不到哪里了。大概12点在看到4桥的山腰上吃的午餐，馕和半根香肠。今天大部分是在台普希克马河谷里行走，时而左岸，时而右岸。期间要来回的涉水而过。对于过冰河，我的体会是步伐不能大，抬起的脚要贴着河底前滑踩稳后，另外一只脚再依此而行，登山仗不能在水里往前挪动，要提离水面后再插下去。水流湍急处别看小小的一根登山仗也或许能把你的身体给带倒在冰河里。在河谷里行走不用太刻意去分辨哪些马道是对的，选择你认为好走的路就成，河谷里的马道只要不是出河谷的，都是殊途同归。过老虎口那块要注意，不要错过了上山栈道的路口，上山栈道前的马道是分岔的，左手那条是下河谷，直行往上爬升是上栈道的。过了栈道后那段半山腰的土路都是羊肠小道，落脚点小，路面还是倾斜的，此段路有处塌方的地方不好走。感觉通过困难的朋友，最好提前在塌方处的右手往上绕过去为好，这一点前人的功略里都有提到过。安全始终是第一的，户外行走免不了会遇见一些危险的地方，在危险地段给自己来个评估，衡量一下自己能否通过，没有把握就不要去。否则过后别人顶多说句这人真牛，可真要因危险受伤的话，那在别人嘴里或许就成了傻子了。过此段路个人体会看准踩稳快速通过相对要容易些，一步一个脚印稳稳的反而会消耗体力增加通过的难度，当然这只是个人感觉，不见得适合所有朋友。之后的路还是顺着台普希克马河逆流而上，时而栈道，时而过河。其间在河左侧的有段栈道塌方了，过的时间要注意头顶上，以防有碎石落下伤及安全。当眼前视野开阔，看到远处的河源峰时，离库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的入口处也不远了。站在台普希克马河河谷出口能看到一条马道在半山腰通向库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的入口处，建议要么直接下到河谷中走，要么走左侧马道行进到半途中看到有下到河谷的分叉小马道时，及时下去走小马道。如果一直沿着左侧半山腰的马道行进时，大概五分之四距离时，有处新的小塌方把马道给冲断了。到库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的沟口入口处，时间是1：50分。此处也是团队扎营的好地方，平坦离水源也近，遥看河源峰那是相当的清晰。休息后往左侧经过沟口的志性小树往上行，沟口有小河流出。进沟口前有马道的痕迹沿着台普希克马河的左侧一直往河源峰的方向延伸，不用去管它。你只要记得那棵小树往沟里走就行了。回来后看有朋友的游记就是在这个地方走错了，没有经过小树进沟，而是沿着那个马道在台普希克马河谷直向河源峰方向走，第二天又返回了。进入沟口往上行，山谷一下子变的很窄，满沟都是大大小小的乱石，。行之半途，见一烧垃圾的痕迹，旁边是一个崭新的眼镜盒子，还有一块超市卖的那种烟盒般大小的压缩饼干，看着眼馋却吃不到嘴里，很显然压缩饼干是跟垃圾一块给烧了，给养拿不走可以留给后面的人嘛。走出这段乱石沟后豁然开朗，右侧是一草地平台，此处有扎营痕迹。除了用完的气罐竟然在一小坑里发现一帐篷的外帐，搞不懂难道是把外帐给遗忘了？到达此处是下午4点。在厚厚的草地上躺着很是安逸，随即下包扎营。此处离水源稍远，要下到沟里才有水。明天爬库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂，为了节省明早的时间，下沟把水壶灌满，又灌了一大塑料袋的水明早用，回到营地把塑料袋的水放在帐篷旁边一杏里，第二天早上用时都已经结成冰块儿了。前人功略上说明天就可以见到哈萨牧民了，想着热腾腾的羊肉，我笑了。睡至半夜被惊醒，脚部位置有动物隔着帐篷在来回拱，打开头灯，拿起饭盒敲了几下，后又打开帐篷拿头灯照射，空无一物，这地方旱獭也多，因没看到不能确定是狼还是旱獭，躺下继续睡觉，早上起来内帐上都结冰茬了。这个季节水比夏天小。独木桥不好过，可以往上游走，遇见合适的地方过河，殊途同归。曾经也是条生命。遥看四桥。前方就是草台营地，库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的入口处，也是扎营的好地方。远处的河源峰。拉近了看。 库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的入口处，志是沟口的这棵孤树，左拐进沟。绕过孤树进沟，走完这条沟的右手有一平缓的草台，扎营。 9月27号库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂下方营地---库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂（3556米）---高山牧场牧民点（2576米）昨夜敲饭盒的插曲休息的不是很好，虽然扎营在厚厚的草甸上，可晚上依然寒冷，6点钟坐起在帐篷里活动一下，去去寒气复又睡去。早上打开帐篷拿塑料袋里的水发现已经结成了冰块，收帐时帐篷哗哗直响，抖落的都是冰茬。9：30出发，沿着马道缓缓上行在大草坡上，库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂就是个碎石坡，不象其他达坂上的石头踩下去稳稳的。快到达坂顶部有段路岩石风化严重，坡度陡，脚下都是细小的碎石容易打滑，如团队攀爬时一定要照顾一下体力相对弱些的队友。11：50到达库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂顶部，下山的路依然是落差上千米的碎石路加草坡，狼塔的每个达坂下来几乎都是如此。之后顺着一个小溪流往下走，12：30途中午餐，馕加半根香肠。2：10分到达三岔峡谷而特兰塔沟的三角地带，对岸的河滩上长满了树，面前的这条河是呼图壁河的一条支流，这条支流来源于从兰特开曾冰川和蒙格特开曾冰川融化的雪水所汇成。到此后往右手逆流而上，看功略上有的团队在此处直接过冰河，附近有扎营的痕迹，行进不远过河到左岸，之后反复几次过河。再往前行不远就是一个三岔口，也就是有些功略上提到的左侧第一个沟口，也有溪流流出，不要拐进去，继续过河朝着你面前靠右那片树林前进，正确的沟口还要往前行，过了这个树林营地至第二个沟口才是正确的。经过的这片树林营地风景绝佳，要是夏季的话会更加的漂亮，要不是惦记着哈萨的羊肉，这地方不扎营真的有点亏了。走在河水的右侧继续前行不远就到了前面提到的第二个沟口，左拐进入。进沟过河后右侧要翻过一个10几米的小山包，之后就是下到河滩里走，河滩里不时发现散落的羊头骨，此处也算是狼餐厅。走完这段河滩远远看到左侧高山牧场上有一牧民的房子，沿着河道左侧的马道向前不远，在一小山包上看到了牧民的小帐篷和一个石头圈起的没有塑料棚遮盖的房子，旁边是一大片被羊粪盖着不长草的地方。高兴随之被失望所代替，小帐篷里是空空的，想必是今年冷的早，牧民已经转场了，到达此地时间5点。石头屋旁并排着几双军胶，应该也是为了减负留下的。晚上没有扎帐，在牧民的小帐篷里用塑料布挡着做门住了一宿。睡梦中被塑料布连续的沙沙声惊醒，不是风吹帐篷那种响，大喊一声又拿起饭盒敲了几下，沙沙声随即停止。掀开塑料布拿头灯照了一下什么都没看到，点了一根烟抽完又躺下再睡。整个狼塔途中扎营就这两晚上有异动，因没有看到什么，也不能确定就一定是狼，此地除了狼还有比狼多的多的旱獭，一路上不少的旱獭洞穴想必去过的朋友都是有印象的。拔营后沿着草坡马道盘升，画面中间凹进去那点就是库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂顶部。走完了草坡就到了库勒阿特腾阿苏达坂的碎石坡前。 回望。狼餐厅。仿佛让人想到了狼群围猎的场景。山坡上的牧民点。右侧的沟是明天早上要走的路线。牧民都已经转场，吃不到羊肉了。留下的小帐篷就是我今晚的行宫。用塑料布做门。晚上小动物就是在左下角那位置往里拱。 9月28号牧民点---蒙格特开曾达坂（3927米）---哈尔嘎特开尔茨达坂（3771米）---近两河交汇处--（2837米）早10点出发，沿牧民点下方的马道前行，别走到河道右侧了，河道右侧也有马道。走完草坡地过一小沟就到了两个峡谷交汇处的三岔口，往左是正确的路线，提前把水都灌满，蒙格特开曾达坂下方的一处水源已经成死水很脏了。之后一路拔高向上，和之前的白杨沟达坂一样，是不停的上升，翻过乱石坡就到了相对平坦一些的又一个三岔口，这个位置是看不到蒙格特开曾雪达坂的。正确的路线还是沿着左手方向的沟口沿马道上行就到了蒙格特开曾雪达坂，右边的沟口也有马道，但那是到兰特开曾达坂的。三岔口处有一处不干净的水源，下背包午餐，旁边丢弃着气罐，防潮垫等等。沿左手马道上行至蒙格特开曾雪达坂，雪达坂表面是松软的，怎么上按个人的喜好就成了。3：40登上蒙格特开曾雪达坂，山顶照样是风大寒冷。下达坂不久在右侧半山腰有条马道，横切过去就是哈尔嘎特开尔茨达坂，到达哈尔嘎特开尔茨达坂5：40。下达坂就顺着大沟往下走吧，河道以及右侧山腰的马道都可以走，下山晚的团队可以在河谷或右侧山腰找个相对平整些的地方扎营了。在一处团队扎营的地方捡到一袋玉米糁，一小包味全麦片，一小袋肯德基的麻辣料，外加剩余不多快要见底儿的一袋雀巢奶粉，对于那些朋友们是减负，对于我却是收获了。7：30扎营在了河道跟右侧一小沟流下的小溪流处平缓宽敞些的地方，此地离两河交汇处已经很近了，第二天拔营到两河交汇处也就是看见矿车的地方十多分钟的路程。晚餐煮的玉米糁撒了麻辣料进去，一锅有味道的麻辣玉米糁让我吃的满头大汗，很是爽口。功略上看最后一天的穿越很轻松了，哈尔哈提达坂也是狼塔最容易翻越的达坂，明天的计划是经过两河交汇处沿玛纳斯河逆流而上，翻过达坂后搭车去巴伦台。 拔营前再来一张。蒙格特开曾雪达坂马上到达坂顶，回往。影子登上蒙格特开曾达坂顶部。站在雪达坂顶部回望。下达坂不久在右侧半山腰有条马道，横切过去就是哈尔嘎特开尔茨达坂。哈尔嘎特开尔茨达坂顶部的玛尼堆。 9月29号近两河交汇处----和静县昨晚的风是最大的一晚，拿背包压帐篷中上风口的地方，如此这样帐篷还是被吹的摇晃，早上起来打的地钉都弯了。想着今天就要出狼塔，心情也格外的轻松，早餐玉米糁大米麦片粥，又把昨天路上捡的雀巢奶粉倒进去，能量十足。拨营出发沿河道前行，没走多远恍惚中看到河谷尽头一辆翻斗车一闪而过，初看还以为是自己眼花了，这地方不应该出现这玩意，随即加快脚步看个究竟。到了谷口也就是两河交汇处又是一辆翻斗车在面前驶过，面前是一条简易公路，两河交汇处也被工人们人为的改道成了一个沟渠在靠近山体处奔流而下。呆呆看着这一切，如同睡梦中被惊醒后，再睡已经无法再继续入梦一样，心中顿感索然无味。来狼塔走的就是这份原始，猛然间现代的痕迹映入眼敛，不应有的景象冲进视野，那种落差感，失落感瞬间就涌了出来，绕过工地再走下去还有什么意思？跨过小河决定不再走下去了，搭车出山，翻越最后一个达坂哈尔哈提达坂于我来说不是难事，关键是心情被破坏了，现在回想起见到矿车那一刻失望的心情还历历在目。趟过小河来到工地，负责人张经理说送给养的车昨天才上来，再下去的话是三天以后了。老张告诉我下行5公里左右在一三岔路口等车，或许能搭上其他矿下山的车。临走让拿鸡蛋，想着要下山了就谢绝了老张的好意。往三岔口走的路上要涉水4，5次，在另一矿点好心司机硬是从车上扔下一包方便面给我，挺感动的。到了三岔口继续往下走，大概2点左右，拐过一个小弯搭上一小型油罐车。司机退伍后跟老乡来这里开车，遇见好人了压根就没提钱的事，又吃了人家一个早上带出来的油馕。司机说这车只到矿区大门，拉油后就返回矿区了，可以帮我给送油的中石油司机说说带我下山。到金矿大门两油车倒罐后，司机跟他的小表亲帮忙说话，大油罐车司机同意搭车，但只能送我到218国道后让我搭别的车走，他担心单位上查车，特种车辆规定除司机外只能坐一个押运员。上车后敬烟唠嗑是必须的，车到了218国道，司机没提下车的事，到了巴仑台，还没提下车的事。就这样一直到了和静县城，从金矿到和静县搭了两辆车没收我钱，还是好人多。下车住加油站对面的百花园宾馆，老板说徒步旅游辛苦，只收我50元住进了不带卫生间的准间。这宾馆2层，内外很是干净，走廊里摆满了植物，称百花园。矿路已经延伸到了这里，站在沟口就是这幅景象，很是失望之极！！决定搭车出山后，转身回望来路，心情是复杂的。去和静县途中遇见转场的哈萨羊群。1000元一只，地上跑的可都是钞票~~ 9月30号上午睡到自然醒，去步行街看各色民族汇聚。晚上吃饭时，见一队刚从狼塔出来的驴友。领队是广东小蜜蜂，他们在我后一天走的狼塔，在途中他们又遇见另外一个队伍。在金矿出来时是包矿上的车到和静，费用挺高，好象一个人的车费就是300。饭后找他们小坐了一会儿，这是一个团结的队伍，谈话中知道他们之间已磨合几年了，相互之间都很了解，跟着这样的团队走无疑是件开心的事情，他们之后还要结伴去天山。出狼塔还剩了一个气罐，我去喀什坐火车不让带，他们是包车回乌鲁木齐，想着明天送给他们。第二天联系时他们已经包车走了，为了安全担心被人捡了出事，找一牙顶着气门硬是把满罐里的气给放完了，才放心扔到垃圾筒里。在和静小住了几天，坐火车到喀什，开始另一段旅程------骑行。很安全的，男主人是公安局的。内部走廊上摆满了花儿。和静步行街，塑像是蒙族的一个历史英雄。步行街大门口这家的烤肉那是相当的棒。串好的羊肉不是直接烤，在一筒内沾上一层鸡蛋，蜂蜜，还有一种粉状的东西调制成的糊糊再烤，南疆的烤肉比北疆的好吃，这里的羊吃的草含碱多，肉味自然就好。3元一串，馕1元。烤肉时，馕也在碳火上热热，羊肉串上的调料拍打中也落在了馕上，撕一块馕夹几块烤肉在其中吃的那可真叫一个香。 10月4号中午12点火车到喀什，打车10元到三中对面的美利达专卖店老顾处，约好下午来提车。老顾又骑车带我去东湖小区的麦田旅舍，35一天。下午陪一个小兄弟去高台民居和老城转了一圈，整个喀什给人的感觉平静下不失紧张，大街上不时的能见到巡逻的特警和武警战士。整个下午在老城就我和小兄弟两个汉人，老城入口有家烤包子吃着不错，在喀什的每一天中午我都会去吃烤包子当午饭。下午去老顾处提车，选择的是美利达勇士350，也得到老顾的认可。这款车价格实惠，还带原装货架，全钢货架断了还可以电焊，走新藏线这样的路一个好的货架是少不了的。老顾好心提醒这样的季节骑新藏已经晚了，前一段本地一个骑友走新藏线也是骑了几天因天气原因就回来了。原来的计划是9月骑新藏，后来因事耽误些日子，这个季节确实不合适骑新藏，帖子上大多都是7，8月或9月上旬骑新藏。但既然想到这儿了，还是去一下，走不了再回来。之前已经16年没有骑过车子了，山地车的变速不知如何使用，更别说补车胎了。老顾人真的不错很是热心，组装完勇士350现场教我如何使用变速。让我在喀什这几天尽量多骑骑车，一是磨练一下屁股让自己快点适应，二是有哪里不合适再来店里调试一下车子。离开和静，喜欢这个城市的清净。和静是个小县，到喀什的这班车只卖卧铺和站票，没有座位票卖，卧铺是不在考虑范围的。到喀什这班车是双层列车。运气真的好，买的是无座票，上车人就不多空了不少位置，到了晚上9点多到库尔乐人都下的差不多了，找个位置躺下，除了短点，跟卧铺没什么区别嘛。喀什火车站。从狼塔出来手里就没有断过葡萄。高台民居。喀什古代是建在一个高崖上，高台民居分南北两端，据说数百年前从帕米尔高原突如其来的大山洪把高崖地带冲出个大口子，从此南北相隔，分离成两个独立的高坡，现在的高台民居就建在南坡。随着代代繁衍，仅有院落内再无地方扩展修房，便开始向高空延伸，就在原来住房上加建一层，二层。也是一大特色。高台民居上的普通人家。往老城去的路上。传说中的烤包子，皮儿薄馅儿实在。打字的同时，我咽了下口水，忒难忘了。老城的理发店，不知道在这里理发的同时，老板会不会边理边给你讲一千零一夜的故事。老城内一户富裕的人家，开始以为是一个小清真寺，看了看没有见到牌。老成内一处清真寺。([]
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张与信徒步西藏“四大名沟”，看五座8000米雪山，看你还能不能Hold住？ 在世界屋脊西藏，耸立着雄伟的喜马拉雅，其中有五座8000米以上的雪山座落在日喀则境内，它们是珠穆朗玛（第一）、洛子峰（第四）、马卡鲁（第五）、卓奥友（第六）和希夏邦玛（第十四）。 喜马拉雅雪山脉在日喀则境内被砍了四个缺口，它们形成了日喀则“四大名沟”：吉隆沟、樟木沟、嘎玛沟和亚东沟。这四条沟的共同特点是：发源于雪山，海拔从5000米一路下降到3000米，经低处流到国外。独特的地貌造就了奇特的风光：雪山相伴，景色多变，人迹罕至，恍若世外桃源。 今年国庆假期，我们一行16人，深入“四大名沟”徒步，与五座8000米雪山亲密接触，欣赏旷世美景，体验别样人生。 感谢老天爷给我们好天气，感谢朝夕相伴同甘共苦的队友，感谢给我们帮助的司机、向导、牦牛工，让我们这次漫长的旅程变得如此顺利和圆满。 这里，要向大家特别推荐希夏邦玛南坡大本营徒步和珠峰东坡大本营徒步，这是目前国内最好的徒步线路。遗憾的是沿途遇到的大多是外国人，国内驴友还较少知道。 这个帖子注定是一个长篇，请大家耐心等待。我们将用最详细的第一手资料：文字、图片、视频、GPS轨迹、攻略，揭开“四大名沟”的神秘面纱。 时间：2011年9月23日——10月16日 线路：深圳——拉萨——老定日——吉隆沟——聂拉木——希夏邦玛南坡大本营徒步——聂拉木——珠峰大本营——曲当乡——晓乌错——卓湘营地（兰花谷）——汤湘营地——俄嘎——珠峰东坡大本营——俄嘎——措学仁玛——曲当乡——定结——岗巴——多庆措——亚东——江孜——拉萨——深圳。 参加人员：行摄匆匆、阿韦、相守、游民、蓝桥，有足道、小白、飞繁、老虎，小麦子、小玉、大玉、夭夭、鑫子、小瓦片、小迷糊。相机：D700+24——70。费用：6000元左右（不包括来回拉萨机票）活动约伴帖：无法抵挡的诱惑——2011年“十一”西藏“四大名沟”徒步约伴https//www.doyouhike.net/group/20158/1/510200,0,0,0.html活动讨论帖：2011年“十一”西藏“四大名沟”徒步计划书https//www.doyouhike.net/group/20158/1/532199,0,0,0.html星子作业：听，喜马拉雅的呼吸---2011西藏四大名沟徒步(希夏邦马&;珠峰东坡）https//www.doyouhike.net/forum/photo/544588,0,0,1.html小麦子作业：小面条走天涯—西夏邦马、珠峰东坡徒步记https//www.doyouhike.net/forum/backpacking/544977,0,0,0.html小瓦片作业：We Made It——行摄匆匆队2011金秋西藏“四大名沟”游记By瓦片https//www.doyouhike.net/forum/mountain/544087,0,0,1.html#post21回复 深圳行摄匆匆 的帖子揭开“四大名沟”的神秘面纱一、为什么要去“四大名沟”？ 因为山在那里， 因为那里有绝美的风景， 因为那里人迹罕至。 “四大名沟”只是一个概念，这里只是借用一下，具体怎么走，一切由风景决定。 吉隆沟的风景集中在吉隆镇一带，有时间的话建议徒步去看看山上的几个村庄，有走进世外桃源的感觉。当然姆拉错是一定要去的，那里是等待日出和拍雪山倒影的最佳位置。 樟木沟的重点是上段的希夏邦玛南坡大本营徒步，其实我们压根儿就没去樟木。希夏邦玛南坡大本营是一条风景优美、难度适中的徒步线路，来回3天，与雪山近距离接触，能带给你意外的惊喜。 嘎玛沟被认为是世界上最美的山谷，因为它的上段有三座8000米以上的雪山：珠穆朗玛、洛子峰和马卡鲁。这里有多条徒步线路可供选择，最值得一走的是珠峰东坡大本营徒步，来回7天，风景绝美，有一定挑战性。 亚东沟的重点是多庆措和卓木拉日，湖光山色，交相辉映。当然，去下有西藏小香港之称的亚东县城也是不错的。那里有中印乃堆山边贸通道，还有康布温泉。二、为什么要一次走完“四大名沟”？ 这个是由效率决定的。去一次西藏不容易，而这“四大名沟”都在日喀则境内，相距不远，一次走完性价比高。 还有一个重要的原因，那就是循序渐进。很多人去珠峰东坡徒步，第一天就高反了，导致很难按计划完成全程。但我们的队员到珠峰东坡的时候个个活蹦乱跳，这是为什么呢？因为我们先去吉隆沟（2850米），再去希夏邦玛南坡大本营徒步（3750米——5130米），到达曲当乡的时候已经不知道高原反应为何物了。 走完珠峰东坡可以原路经日喀则返回拉萨，但那样的话将会非常无趣。我们选择定结——岗巴——亚东——江孜——拉萨，一来可以看见不同的风景，二来可以作为高强度徒步活动之后的放松。三、线路的难度和或有风险 希夏邦玛南坡大本营徒步来回3天时间，最困难的是第二天，海拔高、时间长，要有心理准备。最好早点出发，来回预计9小时。 珠峰东坡大本营徒步来回7天时间，每天徒步5—8小时，比较危险的是巴当到俄嘎的一段碎石坡横切；强度最大的一天是俄嘎到珠峰东坡大本营，来回9小时，徒步24公里；而最不确定的是朗玛拉垭口穿越，如果大雪封山，穿越将异常困难。 沿途还是有很多岔路的，建议请当地向导或牦牛工带路，如果是自己徒步，至少有GPS数据参考。四、对身体条件的要求 很多人想去高原徒步但担心自己的身体，当然最担心的还是高原反应。其实，没有大家想象的那么难，只要你平时坚持运动，出发前进行适当的拉练，一般人都是可以完成的。我们这次有16人参加，大部分人都不是猛驴，甚至有些是临时抱佛脚，像南京的小迷糊。我们队员的年龄在30——50岁，但我们照样顺利走完全程，主要经验是循序渐进，把状态调整到最好。一般拉练到轻松爬完梧桐山，腿脚不痛就可以了。五、带什么装备? 高原天气多变，早晚寒冷，中午炎热，衣服要多带，冷了加，热了脱。最低温度—10度左右，要求带快干衣、抓绒、冲锋衣、羽绒服、羊毛袜、毛线帽、厚手套、雪套、雨衣，—10度睡袋等。此外还要注意防晒，如果不注意，一天就可以把你晒伤！一般出发的时候穿抓绒和冲锋衣，走一会就要脱掉一件，中午可能只穿一件快干就可以了。但最怕的就是风寒效应，一旦变天，刮风下雪，气温陡降，很容易造成失温的。六、山上吃什么？ 总是原则是：有能量、合口味、易煮熟、少垃圾。一是营养搭配；二是数量控制；三是小组互补。主要食品有快餐面、快餐粉、挂面，燕麦片、奶茶、豆腐花、紫菜蛋花汤、浓汤宝，各种咸菜，饼干、面包，火腿肠、午餐肉、鸡腿鸡翅，奶糖、巧克力，各种水果，特别推荐红萝卜、白萝卜、大白菜，好放，不容易撞坏。其它个人喜爱食品。建议4—6人一个小组一起做饭比较有趣。七、边防通行证如何办理？ 四大名沟都属于边境地区，都要办理边防通行证，最严的可能是曲当乡。但这次好像查得不严，我们去曲当乡卡达边防派出所登记的时候值班的人还在睡觉，叫了几次都不起床，最后还是一个四川帅哥帮忙登记的。去“四大名沟”要写上吉隆县、樟木、珠峰、亚东，最好写上曲当乡或卡达，避免不必要的麻烦。一般可以在当地公安局或派出所办理，如果当地不能办理，也可以找拉萨的旅行社代办，一张100元。八、费用如何控制？ 去西藏旅游，最主要的费用就是车费。现在很多人迷信越野车，不管是到哪里都要包越野车，其实大可不必。因为现在西藏很多旅游景点的道路都修得很好了，一般的小车、面包车都可以到达，比如我们这次要到达的吉隆沟和曲当乡，算是非常偏僻的地方了，但我们的两辆10座金杯面包车都可以安全到达。省下的车费就可以拿来大吃大喝了。九、向导和牦牛如何联系？ 如果你不是特别的喜欢自虐又有特别强的野外生存能力，建议你还是雇向导和牦牛好了，这样自己就有足够的精力来欣赏沿途风景、享受徒步的快乐，而不是一味的暴走。 希夏邦玛大本营徒步的起点在聂拉木县城，而珠峰东坡徒步的起点在定日县曲当乡，到当地就可以联系到向导和牦牛了，一般是由村长或乡政府统一调配的。十、推荐几个常用电话1、拉萨包车：平措，老司机，技术一流，善于跟当地藏民打交道，可以算得上西藏通了，11座金杯车，车号：藏AL1052,联系电话：13989099861；米玛，平措师傅的搭档，有文化，非常幽默，特别喜欢开玩笑，11座金杯面包车，电话：13518982207.住宿：风马飞扬：0891——6790250，13908915478，QQ：55387134，老板：阿芳、阿辉。亚宾馆附近，离大昭寺和布达拉宫都不远。最好的地方是晚上12点关门熄灯，可以安心睡觉。气罐：我们的气罐是在荒野户外店买的，25元一瓶，没用完的可以退给他们。地址在亚宾馆和大昭寺之间，电话：0891——6792423，13908908910。腐败：太阳岛重庆正宗邮亭鲫鱼，喜欢吃辣椒的可以去尝尝，电话：0891——6714285；太阳岛彭彭牛杂羊杂火锅，18989986050。这个不辣，不介意吃动物内脏的可以去试试。2、吉隆恒安宾馆，算是吉隆镇最大的宾馆之一，间80元，可以洗澡。老板：蒋佩伸，儒雅商人，喜欢摄影，已经知道在哪里拍倒影了。电话：0892——8928323，18908926368.3、聂拉木神山宾馆，40元一个床位，附近有淋浴的地方，10元1人。老板是回民，特别爱干净，热情到你受不了，可以帮忙联系村长，商谈去希夏邦玛牦牛的事情。联系电话：郑建文：0892——8272488，13989028182。村长（什么村不记得了）：西热：13989922862。我们这次的牦牛就是他负责安排的。注意把要去的地方和牦牛的价钱先谈好。之前我们联系的是多布吉，我们是在网上看到他电话的，他是当地的高山协作，但找牦牛还是要通过村长。多布吉电话：13638920177。4、曲当乡牦牛都是由乡政府统一安排，分管副书记小普：13518929783。边防证由定日县卡达边防派出所管理。我们去的时候值班的人不在，是一个四川兵哥哥帮忙登记的，他叫王川，最好不要随便去打扰他哦。曲当乡住在珠峰宾馆，40元一个床位，老板叫达瓦：13549026865，18798922896。对面有一家成都餐馆，味道不错。牦牛由乡政府统一安排，但向导要自己找。绝大部分牦牛工不懂汉语，沟通起来非常困难。这里推荐三个向导：罗布桑布，13658924597，非常靠谱的向导，带路节凑控制得很好，线路非常熟悉，为人诚实可靠，缺点是只懂几句简单汉语。边巴，18708024910，初中文化，交流无障碍，但有点滑头，比较懒散。需要经常敲打，做翻译很好。扎西，18708092653，现在西藏大学读书，平时不能带队，但交际能力强，他哥哥是个不错的牦牛工，可以帮忙联系曲当乡的向导、牦牛工和进出卡车等。这三个向导应该都是朋友或亲戚关系。找到其中一位就可以找到其它两位，重点推荐罗布桑布，被我们队员广泛认可。如果不想包车去曲当乡，可以先坐车到定日县，再坐卡车到曲当乡，每人200元，可让当地向导帮忙联系。据说这样可以逃掉去珠峰的门票。行前准备，可参考我们的讨论帖：2011年“十一”西藏“四大名沟”徒步计划书https//www.doyouhike.net/group/20158/1/532199,0,0,1.html#post17 我们的五星级营地：珠峰东坡晓乌错营地希夏邦玛南坡营地亚东多庆措营地 嘎玛沟汤湘观景台，同时看见三座8000米雪山：马卡鲁、洛子峰、珠峰。珠峰北坡大本营。希夏邦玛南坡营地：我们最喜欢的倒影：吉隆沟晓乌错多庆措全家福：我们走在喜马拉雅：云端漫步：美丽的晓乌错，第一次看见远处的马卡鲁。嘎玛沟，被认为只世界上最美的山谷，因为有三座8000米雪山在它的上段，它们就是珠穆朗玛（第一）、洛子峰（第四）和马卡鲁（第五）。马叉无处不在 躺在帐篷中就可以看见雪山：通往珠峰东坡大本营的路：多庆措和卓木拉日： 一、吉隆沟，在郁闷中开始，在完美中收官 如今的西藏，大概已经没有了空白。包括神秘的墨脱、古格以及藏北无人区，都已经变得不再那么神秘。唯独吉隆，似乎还鲜为人知。 吉隆，或许就是西藏最后的秘境。 吉隆，藏语“舒适村”、“欢乐村”之意。吉隆之得名，传说是公元8世纪后期，赤松德赞从印度迎请莲花生大师入藏时，大师一行途经吉隆沟（今吉隆镇一带），曾在此住了一宿。大师见此地山清水秀，风景明媚，不胜感概，又见溪谷中的河水洁白如乳，溪底的卵石光润如玉，更是赞叹不已。于是，在翌日临行之前，欣然命名此地为“吉隆”，以表达其无限赞誉之情，“吉隆”之称谓遂流传至今。 吉隆位于珠峰自然保护区的最西端，由于横贯东西的喜马拉雅山脉阻挡了印度洋暖湿气流的北进，使得山脊两侧的气候截然不同，呈现出南北两大气候类型。东北部有8012米的希夏邦玛峰和著名的佩枯湖，南部则分布有原始森林。吉隆藏布江顺着蜿蜒的山谷向南飞泻，两侧山峰林立，气势巍峨，层峦叠翠的山谷里生长着种类繁多的森林植物，一些稀有树种如长叶松、长叶云杉、红豆杉等也随处可见，山顶则是终年积雪，气度不凡，所谓“一山有四季，十里不同天”便是这儿真实的写照。 去吉隆沟的过程并不顺利，可谓一波三折，柳暗花明。前三天的天气都不好，从拉萨到吉隆沟，我们要翻过三个海拔5000多米的垭口，好几名队员都出现了不同程度的高原反应。而我们期待的风景却迟迟没有出现，三座8000米的雪山都藏而不见。吉隆沟徒步的那一天更是阴雨朦胧，连雪山的影子都没见着，我甚至怀疑之前的信息出了问。 这次去吉隆沟与一张雪山倒影的照片有关，红草地、大石头、两座雪山在静静的湖水中映出清晰的倒影，仿佛世外桃源一般。在吉隆镇的大街上，我问过很多人，但没有一个人能告诉我在哪里可以看到雪山的倒影，真让我这个倒影控抓狂。 但我们并没有放弃，在雨中坚持徒步上山，因为宾馆的老板告诉我们山上有两个美丽的村庄，还可以看见一排的雪山。为了躲雨，我们冒失地闯进了山上的一户藏民家，没想到刚好是村长家。在那里，我们度过两个小时的欢乐时光。虽然语言不通，我们与藏民一家相处融洽，因为双方都充满着好奇，我们都感觉对方似乎是来自另一个世界。 下山的时候无意间发现了那个拍摄雪山倒影的地方，真是踏遍铁鞋无觅处，得来全不费功夫，别提我们有多高兴了。就在我们即将离开吉隆沟的那一天，雨过天晴，柳暗花明，美景如期而至。我们看到了最美的吉隆沟，四周的雪山依次打开，我们等来了日照金山，我们如愿以偿地拍到雪山的倒影。在回程的路上，我们还看见了雄伟的希夏邦玛和美丽的佩枯错。 吉隆沟，就这样在郁闷中开始，在完美中收官。 D1：9月23日，深圳——重庆——拉萨1、背着40公斤行李出门早上四点多一点就醒了，也不敢再睡，怕睡过头了。一边看电视一边等天亮。昨天晚上打包很辛苦，搞到23：30，这次要带的东西实在是太多了，最后的结果是：85升大包22公斤，摄影包（包括上网本）12公斤，一个装食品的手提袋6公斤，一共40公斤。还要帮大玉带一个摄影包到机场。615在楼下与游民会合，645到达机场，小麦子和星子已经先到了。本想着她们女孩子东西少，一起托运可以占点便宜，没想到她们的大包都是19公斤多，据说她们没有在家称过，全凭感觉，真厉害！我只好赶紧为大包减负，拿出三脚架和几块电池，和游民一起托运，两个人40.02公斤，每个人都是20公斤左右，已经精确到小数点后两位数了，都是给航空公司逼的。为了检验这次徒步的减肥效果，特地把自己也称了下，78公斤，希望回来之后能在73公斤之下，哈哈，旅行和减肥，一举两得。2、一大堆电池蒙混过关过安检的时候很担心电池的问。因为前段深圳大运期间，机场查得很严，好像每个人只能带两块电池登机，而且电池是不能托运的。我这次带的电池实在太多：D700相机5块，摄像机2块，对讲机2块，还有为GPS准备的移动电源（相当于一块大的锂电池）。我把这些电池分放在我的摄影包、手提袋和摄影背心口袋中，以防万一。还好，这次安检对电池查得不严，让我把20公斤的装备轻松背上了飞机。8点登机，830起飞，1030就到重庆了。实在是有点困，一上飞机就睡着了。我们这次算是联程机票，虽然要在重庆换机，但都是南航的，只需在深圳办理一次行李托运就OK了，在重庆也不用出候机楼，1230又开始登机，1500就到拉萨贡嘎机场了。3、又见雪山飞机快到拉萨的时候，机舱内的人群就开始沸腾，我知道，可以看见雪山了。虽然是第五次来西藏，但看到雪山，依然有些兴奋，也拿出相机拍了几张。4、风马飞扬客栈集结机场大巴25元坐到终点（布达拉宫附近），再打的15元到亚宾馆，我们住的风马飞扬客栈就在附近，但的士开不进去，而我们三人的东西都很多，就打电话给先到的有足道，让他叫几个队员来帮忙拿一下。最后只有有足道和客栈的一个小伙子来了。后来才知道，有好几个人都有轻微的高反，在客栈睡觉，有足道也打了三天的吊针，真不好意思，给有足道添麻烦了。到了客栈，先了解下队员的状况，到各个房间串门，接下来就是联系我们的包车司机平措师傅和我们珠峰东坡徒步的向导扎西，约好晚上七点一起吃饭，讨论这次旅行的细节问。可以说，他们都是我们这次旅行的关键人物。平措和米玛，各开一辆全顺面包车，要跟我们16人21天，我们徒步的时候，他们也在原地等待，这样就没有后顾之忧了。国庆节期间的包车还是很紧张的。而扎西则是我们这次活动的重头戏珠峰东坡徒步的向导，直接关系到这次徒步的成功与否。我们边吃边聊，气氛不错，他们都是很好相处之人，先前的一些担忧大多得到解决。最担心的是一辆全顺面包车能否坐下8个人，因为我们的行李实在是太多了。看到车子之后，这个顾虑基本没了，因为两辆车都在车顶安装了行李架，而车子里面还多出两个空位。5、山上吃什么是个大问 吃完饭去逛超市，主要想补充点吃的，一看价吓我一跳，手撕牦牛肉118元一斤，真***贵！好在水果还算便宜，6个小苹果5—12元不等，那就多吃水果少吃肉吧。回到客栈，开始重新打包，把暂时不用的放进大包，把可能用到的东西放在外面方便提取的地方。看到老虎在收拾行李，床上堆满吃的东西，看上去有点恐怖。为洗不洗澡纠结了很久，最后还是决定不洗。一是刚到高原，不能太折腾；二是今天搬运行李消耗不少体力了；三是洗澡容易着凉引发感冒。大约23点，疲惫的队员们逐渐入睡，而我则是最后一个入睡的人。费用明细：早上打的去机场60元；拉萨机场大巴25元；打的去客栈5元（三人15元）；晚餐33元；超市购物200元；住宿50元（7人间）合计373元。D2：9月24日，拉萨——日喀则——拉孜——老定日6、拉萨出发早上四点不到就醒了，尿急、鼻塞。在空气稀薄的拉萨鼻子不通气是很难受的，赶紧下一楼的洗手间去清理鼻子，因为住的七人间，在房间弄怕影响队友休息。回到房间，赶紧吃感冒药和鼻炎通窍片。躺在床上怎么也睡不着，干脆想一想还有什么东西遗漏的，因为明天离开拉萨后买东西就更不方便的。发现真的少了一些东西：唇膏和开瑞坦（治疗过敏性鼻炎的药），还有卷纸，这些都是我每天都要用到的。智者千虑必有一失，没想到我带了80多斤的装备，还是把它们漏掉了。熬到5点，我实在是无聊，就打开笔记本发微博，还在新浪博客上写了一篇博客。6点钟，大家陆续起床了，其实很多人跟我一样没有睡好，只是没有像我这样折腾而已。洗漱、装开水、打包。7点钟，车子已经开到亚宾馆了。我们搬运完行李就在附近的口味香川菜馆早餐，这里的早餐还不错，有稀饭、包子、豆浆、油条等，前一天晚上我已经跟老板打过招呼了。把这么多行李装上车既是力气活也是技术活，最后的结果让大家都很满意，8个人坐在车里面还比较宽敞。7：40离开亚宾馆，我们的西藏“四大名沟”徒步正式开始，出发前拍了一段视频，为队员们将来出境做准备，几名新队员明显有一些兴奋了。拉萨到日喀则限速60公里/小时。我们走走停停，反正今天不赶路，主要是适应高原，晚上能到达老定日就OK了。沿途有很多水果店，我们一路买一路吃。给每个司机一条云烟，一听红牛，这个是必需的。毕竟，要想玩得开心，司机是很重要的。13：30到达日喀则，从现在开始，点菜的任务就交给我们非常称职的生活部长蓝桥了。中午的川菜很丰盛，口味不重，大家都能接受。1415，我们离开日喀则。7、有人高反了1600到达海拔4500米的措拉垭口，1740到达海拔5150米的嘉措拉垭口，这里算是珠峰大门了吧，上面写着珠峰自然保护区欢迎你。天气不好，风很大，看不到远处的雪山，我们匆匆离开。下垭口不久，前面的车子突然停下来，担心车子出了故障，赶紧前去打探究竟，原来是阿韦高反吐了。吐了就好，不然憋着更难受。不一会，我们车上的大玉也吐了。阿韦和大玉都是多次参加高原徒步的老驴了，但依然会有高反，这很正常，这也是我们为什么第一站选择海拔2800米的吉隆沟的原因了，让队员有足够的时间来适应高原。1900到达白坝村，新定日县城就在右手边不远，但我们继续朝着樟木的方向直走。1920经过这次旅行的第一个检查站——定日县鲁鲁边防检查站。有点担心几名队员的边防证过不了关，还好一切顺利。8、老定日凑合一夜2010，我们终于到达今天的目的地——老定日（岗嘎镇），此时太阳刚刚下山。这里的海拔4340米。平措师傅带我们到他熟悉的拉萨饭店，藏民开的，条件很差，两人间开价80元，被我还到70元，再免掉司机住宿费。说是两人间，其实很小，就能放两张床，没有洗手间。因为天色已晚，又是司机带去的，就勉强接受吧，反正睡几个小时就走。司机想让我们吃拉萨饭店的藏餐，这个我们没有答应，毕竟我们都不是藏民，大部分人还是吃不习惯的，吃不好，后面的徒步就没有体力。跟司机的关系要掌握一个平衡点，小的事情可以迁就一下他们，但大的原则性问就要坚持己见了。我们找到附近一家川菜馆吃饭，在西藏，80%以上都是川菜馆，如果你不适应，那是比较麻烦的。点菜的时候，我特地叮嘱蓝桥，尽量清淡点，搞几个没有辣椒的菜，照顾一下几名不吃辣椒的队员。星子带了一个血氧浓度测量计，虽然不是很准确，但还是能大概测出每个人当时的心跳频率和血氧浓度的。从此，这个小仪器就成了我们每天吃饭时的娱乐项目了。队员们都拿这些指来炫耀自己的身体有多好，一般情况，心跳100以下，血氧浓度80以上，身体状况就是比较好的了。小白不知道从哪里听说在高原喝酥油茶可以抗高反，就花10元钱买了房东藏民家一壶酥油茶，见人就推销。我刚喝一口就发现不对，怎么有一个硬硬的东西在嘴里，吐出来一看，是一个白色的小块。小白忽悠我是没有融化的奶酪，后来发现是碗的碎片，真倒霉，哪有这么巧的，一口喝下去，就刚好喝到碗的缺口了！最大的遗憾是这里没有联通的3G信号，无法上网，枉我千里迢迢把笔记本带到这里，回去要投诉联通了，让俺买了个摆设。既然如此，那就收拾好行李，早点睡吧。今天的天气不怎么好，没有什么特别吸引人的风景，我的相机始终没有拿出来过。D3：9月25日，老定日（岗嘎镇）——希夏邦玛——吉隆县——吉隆镇9、微博控们在行动又是四点不到就醒了，感觉比昨天晚上稍好点，鼻子至少还是通气的。但头有点微痛，还咳嗽，这些都是轻微高反的症状，估计白天就会好的。赶紧把窗户打开，让外面的空气多一点流进来。上不上厕所纠结了一会，实在憋不到天亮，还是早一点解决的好。上面加了一件抓绒，下面加了一件秋裤，把毛线帽子也戴上了。好在厕所就在附近，没有想象的那么冷，看到满天的星星，开始期待今天的珠峰、卓奥友和希夏邦玛了。衣服都穿好了，又没有睡意，但是上不了网，找点什么事情做呢？灵机一动，既然带了电脑，何不用电脑写日记呢？这个想法让我又开始兴奋。好在今天一个人住，不会影响他人，说写就写，那就从今天开始吧，有时间再把前面的补上。7点早餐，天还没亮，西藏的时差比深圳要晚两小时，但队员们基本都到了。早餐是昨天就提前预定好的，每人10元，有稀饭、馒头、包子、咸菜和鸡蛋。昨天晚上，有很多人跟我一样没有睡好，有不同程度的高反症状。此时，那个血氧浓度测量计又成为最受欢迎的东西了。微博控们在抓紧一切时间发微博，游民则扮演狗仔队的角色：810离开老定日，期待传说中的三座8000米雪山同时出现，可惜云层太厚，一个也没有看见。但早上的光线还是偶尔透过云层把某个地方照亮。10、希夏邦玛留下买路钱9点，看到路边一个老外的营地，原来是一群来自荷兰的自行车爱好者，他们已经花了9天时间从拉萨骑到这里，还要继续骑往尼泊尔，真佩服他们。队伍中几个英语好的年轻人小瓦片、老虎、小白不忘前去卖弄一番，问一问你们从哪里来又要到哪里去的。950到达希夏邦玛售票处，这里是去阿里的必经之路，不管你是否旅游，都要每人购买65元的门票，有点过分。与其理论，卖票的说是当地政府规定，美其名曰草原保护费。如果要进入希夏邦玛大本营，还要每人交300元，每辆车300元。司机出面谈判，最后以9人买票成交，队员中三人有假的导游证，等于少买了4张，勉强可以接受吧。进入希夏邦玛风景区，开始看见一些雪山了，但都是它的卫峰，希夏邦玛始终躲在云层之中。很快看见美丽的佩枯错了，这时正好有一群羊从旁边经过，赶紧让师傅停车，开始我们的马叉时光。11、佩枯错上演公路大片喜欢马叉的队员们已经憋很久了，终于有了这个马叉的机会，怎能轻易的放过，赶紧拍起了她们擅长的公路大片。变换不同姿势和组合，折腾了半个小时还不想走，最后是我多次催促才依依不舍的离开。([]
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